{ "meta": { "schema_version": "1.2", "endpoint": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/index.json" }, "work": { "slug": "poetic-edda", "name": "Poetic Edda", "stream": "western-european", "epoch_reflected": "greco-latin", "epoch_written": "greco-latin", "form": "mythological lays", "tradition": "Norse / Germanic", "author": "Anonymous (Codex Regius, c. 1270; compiling 10th c. material)", "year_approx": 1270, "note": "Old Norse mythological and heroic lays preserved in the Codex Regius (c. 1270); textual material reaches back to the 10th c. Contains the *Völuspá* (the seeress's vision of cosmic origins and Ragnarök), *Hávamál* (Odin's sayings), and the Sigurd cycle. Henry Adams Bellows's 1923 translation for the American-Scandinavian Foundation.", "books_slug": "bellows--the-poetic-edda", "books_slugs": null, "has_project_translation": false, "steiner_loci": [] }, "parents": [ { "slug": "edda", "name": "The Eddas", "url": "/sources/edda/" } ], "translation": { "title": null, "author": null, "source": null }, "chapters": [ { "num": 1, "slug": "03-general-introduction", "title": "General Introduction", "words": 4827, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/03-general-introduction/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/03-general-introduction.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Bellows's General Introduction", "blurb": "Henry Adams Bellows's 1923 introduction to his English verse translation. The Codex Regius (the principal Eddic manuscript, c. 1270) and its discovery in 1643; the textual transmission; the difference between the *Poetic Edda* (the verse compilation) and Snorri's *Prose Edda*; the editorial principles of the translation." }, { "num": 2, "slug": "04-voluspo", "title": "Voluspo", "words": 8319, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/04-voluspo/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/04-voluspo.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Völuspá — the Seeress's Prophecy", "blurb": "The crown of Eddic poetry. The Völva (seeress) summoned by Odin recounts the entire history of the cosmos — the creation from Ginnungagap, the building of Asgard, the killing of Baldr, the binding of Loki, the coming of Ragnarök, the destruction and rebirth of the world. The single most important poem of Norse mythology." }, { "num": 3, "slug": "05-hovamol", "title": "Hovamol", "words": 8986, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/05-hovamol/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/05-hovamol.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Hávamál — the Sayings of the High One", "blurb": "The wisdom-poem in Odin's voice — Hávamál, the *sayings of the High One*. Practical worldly maxims; gnomic verses on hospitality, friendship, prudence; Odin's three great mysteries — the winning of the mead of poetry, the hanging on Yggdrasill, the learning of the runes. The Norse counterpart of biblical Proverbs." }, { "num": 4, "slug": "06-vafthruthnismol", "title": "Vafthruthnismol", "words": 3607, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/06-vafthruthnismol/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/06-vafthruthnismol.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Vafþrúðnismál — Odin's contest with the wise giant", "blurb": "Odin in disguise enters the hall of the wise giant Vafþrúðnir for a contest of cosmological knowledge. They take turns posing questions; whoever fails the answer forfeits his head. The poem is essentially a mythological catechism delivered through the contest-frame, ending when Odin asks a question only he himself can answer." }, { "num": 5, "slug": "07-grimnismol", "title": "Grimnismol", "words": 6221, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/07-grimnismol/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/07-grimnismol.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Grímnismál — Odin between the fires", "blurb": "Odin, captured and tortured by King Geirrod (placed between two great fires for eight nights), reveals himself in a long monologue. The cosmography of the nine worlds, the halls of the gods, Yggdrasill and its denizens, Valhalla. Closes when Geirrod recognises Odin too late and falls upon his own sword." }, { "num": 6, "slug": "08-skirnismol", "title": "Skirnismol", "words": 3188, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/08-skirnismol/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/08-skirnismol.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Skírnismál — Skírnir's wooing of Gerd for Freyr", "blurb": "Freyr sees Gerd the giantess in the distance and is filled with desperate love. His servant Skírnir undertakes the wooing-journey on Freyr's behalf; the long magical-coercive curse-passage by which Gerd is forced to consent. The marriage of god and giantess; one of the strangest and most morally ambiguous of the Eddic poems." }, { "num": 7, "slug": "09-harbarthsljoth", "title": "Harbarthsljoth", "words": 3825, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/09-harbarthsljoth/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/09-harbarthsljoth.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Hárbarðsljóð — Thor and the ferryman flytting", "blurb": "Thor returning from the east meets a churlish ferryman (Hárbarðr — *gray-bearded*, actually Odin in disguise) who refuses him passage and engages him in a *flytting* — a ritual exchange of insults and boasts. Each god vaunts his exploits; the contrasting characters of Thor and Odin clarified through the abuse." }, { "num": 8, "slug": "10-hymiskvitha", "title": "Hymiskvitha", "words": 3588, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/10-hymiskvitha/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/10-hymiskvitha.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Hymiskviða — Thor fishes for the Midgard Serpent", "blurb": "Thor accompanies the giant Hymir on a fishing expedition. Baits the line with an ox-head; catches the Midgard Serpent itself; nearly hauls it from the sea before Hymir cuts the line in terror. The encounter that prefigures Thor's final battle with the Serpent at Ragnarök." }, { "num": 9, "slug": "11-lokasenna", "title": "Lokasenna", "words": 5439, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/11-lokasenna/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/11-lokasenna.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Lokasenna — Loki's flyting at Ægir's hall", "blurb": "The great divine *flytting*. Loki crashes the gods' feast in the hall of Ægir and accuses each god and goddess in turn of cowardice, fornication, incest, or impotence — uncovering the gods' shadow side in cumulative insult. Closes with his binding and the prophecy of his release at Ragnarök." }, { "num": 10, "slug": "12-thrymskvitha", "title": "Thrymskvitha", "words": 2236, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/12-thrymskvitha/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/12-thrymskvitha.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Þrymskviða — Thor in drag retrieves Mjǫllnir", "blurb": "The comic-heroic poem. The giant Þrymr steals Thor's hammer Mjǫllnir and demands Freyja as ransom. Heimdallr proposes that Thor go in Freyja's place, dressed as the bride. The plan executed; the giants undone when Thor recovers his hammer at the feast and slays them all." }, { "num": 11, "slug": "13-alvissmol", "title": "Alvissmol", "words": 2533, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/13-alvissmol/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/13-alvissmol.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Alvíssmál — Thor's interrogation of the dwarf Alvíss", "blurb": "Thor finds the dwarf Alvíss come to claim Thor's daughter as bride. He keeps Alvíss talking through the night by demanding the dwarf list the alternative names by which earth, heaven, moon, sun, etc., are known in the languages of gods, men, Vanir, dwarves, elves, giants. At sunrise Alvíss turns to stone." }, { "num": 12, "slug": "14-baldrs-draumar", "title": "Baldrs Draumar", "words": 1441, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/14-baldrs-draumar/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/14-baldrs-draumar.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Baldrs Draumar — the dreams of Baldr", "blurb": "Baldr the beloved is troubled by dreams of his death. Odin rides to Hel and raises a long-dead seeress to learn the meaning. The prophecy of Baldr's slaying at the hand of Hodr, of the vengeance to be taken by Váli son of Rindr — the seeds of Ragnarök sown in advance." }, { "num": 13, "slug": "15-rigsthula", "title": "Rigsthula", "words": 4462, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/15-rigsthula/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/15-rigsthula.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Rígsþula — the social-class origins", "blurb": "The god Ríg (identified with Heimdallr) wanders among men. At three successive houses (poor, middling, prosperous), he sleeps three nights with the wife and engenders the founder of the three social classes — Thrall (slave), Karl (free farmer), and Jarl (noble). The mythological origin of the Norse three-estate society." }, { "num": 14, "slug": "16-hyndluljoth", "title": "Hyndluljoth", "words": 4492, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/16-hyndluljoth/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/16-hyndluljoth.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Hyndluljóð — the lay of Hyndla", "blurb": "Freyja awakens the giantess Hyndla to recite the genealogy of her favourite Óttar — long lineages from gods and heroes. Closes with the *Short Vǫluspá* — a separate prophecy of cosmic doom embedded within the poem. Important for the comparative-mythological detail of its many family-trees." }, { "num": 15, "slug": "17-svipdagsmol", "title": "Svipdagsmol", "words": 3889, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/17-svipdagsmol/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/17-svipdagsmol.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Svipdagsmál — Svipdag and Menglǫð", "blurb": "A two-part poem (Grógaldr + Fjǫlsvinnsmál). The hero Svipdag, sent by a wicked stepmother to seek the maiden Menglǫð, raises his dead mother Gróa from her grave to learn protective charms. He then makes his way to Menglǫð's hall, questions the gatekeeper Fjǫlsviðr, and is admitted to her embrace." }, { "num": 16, "slug": "18-völundarkvitha", "title": "Völundarkvitha", "words": 4992, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/18-völundarkvitha/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/18-völundarkvitha.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Vǫlundarkviða — Wayland the Smith", "blurb": "The dark heroic legend. The smith Vǫlund (Wayland), captured by King Níðuðr and hamstrung, takes revenge by killing the king's two sons, fashioning brooches from their eyes and a cup from their skull, and seducing the king's daughter Bǫðvildr before flying away on cunningly-made wings. One of the most savage of the Eddic legends." }, { "num": 17, "slug": "19-helgakvitha-hjorvarthssonar", "title": "Helgakvitha Hjorvarthssonar", "words": 5620, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/19-helgakvitha-hjorvarthssonar/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/19-helgakvitha-hjorvarthssonar.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Helgakviða Hjǫrvarðssonar — Helgi son of Hjǫrvarðr", "blurb": "First of the three Helgi-poems. Helgi son of Hjǫrvarðr loves the valkyrie Sváva, fights and slays his foes, falls to his enemy Álfr. The closing prose note tells of his rebirth as the Helgi of the next poem. The doctrine of heroic reincarnation that links the three Helgi-poems." }, { "num": 18, "slug": "20-helgakvitha-hundingsbana-i", "title": "Helgakvitha Hundingsbana I", "words": 4981, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/20-helgakvitha-hundingsbana-i/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/20-helgakvitha-hundingsbana-i.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Helgakviða Hundingsbana I — the first Helgi-poem", "blurb": "Helgi the Hunding's-bane (slayer of Hundingr) — the hero of the Vǫlsung cycle. His youthful exploits, his battles, his winning of Sigrún (rebirth of Sváva). The first of two parallel poems on the same hero — partly overlapping, partly complementary, illustrating Eddic compilation practice." }, { "num": 19, "slug": "21-helgakvitha-hundingsbana-ii", "title": "Helgakvitha Hundingsbana II", "words": 6076, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/21-helgakvitha-hundingsbana-ii/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/21-helgakvitha-hundingsbana-ii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Helgakviða Hundingsbana II — second Helgi-poem; the burial-mound visit", "blurb": "The second poem on Helgi the Hunding's-bane. Continues from the first; ends with the famous scene of Sigrún visiting Helgi in his burial mound and spending a final night with him before he returns to his ride at the head of Odin's host. One of the most touching moments in all Eddic poetry." }, { "num": 20, "slug": "22-fra-dautha-sinfjotla", "title": "Fra Dautha Sinfjotla", "words": 1691, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/22-fra-dautha-sinfjotla/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/22-fra-dautha-sinfjotla.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Frá Dauða Sinfjǫtla — the death of Sinfjötli", "blurb": "Short prose chapter on the death of Sinfjötli, son of Sigmund the Vǫlsung. Poisoned by his stepmother Borghild; Odin himself comes to carry his body away by boat over a fjord. The transition-piece linking the Helgi cycle to the great Sigurðr cycle that follows." }, { "num": 21, "slug": "23-gripisspo", "title": "Gripisspo", "words": 4738, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/23-gripisspo/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/23-gripisspo.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Grípisspá — the prophecy of Grípir", "blurb": "The youthful Sigurðr visits his maternal uncle Grípir, the wisest of seers, and asks him to foretell his whole life. Grípir's reluctance, then his reluctant complete revelation — Sigurðr's slaying of Fáfnir, his winning of the Niflung gold, his love for Brynhildr, his betrayal, his death. The frame-poem for the Sigurðr cycle." }, { "num": 22, "slug": "24-reginsmol", "title": "Reginsmol", "words": 3875, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/24-reginsmol/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/24-reginsmol.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Reginsmál — Sigurðr fostered by Reginn", "blurb": "Sigurðr fostered at the court of King Hjálprek by the dwarf-smith Reginn. The back-story of the gold of Andvari — Loki's killing of Otr, the gold paid in compensation to Hreiðmarr, the curse Andvari laid on the ring. Reginn forges the sword Gram for Sigurðr." }, { "num": 23, "slug": "25-fafnismol", "title": "Fafnismol", "words": 3836, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/25-fafnismol/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/25-fafnismol.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Fáfnismál — Sigurðr slays the dragon", "blurb": "Sigurðr slays Fáfnir (Reginn's brother, who had taken the form of a dragon to guard the cursed gold). The dying dragon's wisdom-speeches; the roasting of the dragon-heart; the drop of dragon-blood on Sigurðr's tongue that lets him understand the speech of birds; the killing of Reginn the treacherous smith." }, { "num": 24, "slug": "26-sigrdrifumol", "title": "Sigrdrifumol", "words": 4073, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/26-sigrdrifumol/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/26-sigrdrifumol.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Sigrdrífumál — the waking of the valkyrie", "blurb": "Sigurðr rides up to a fire-encircled hall on a mountain and finds the valkyrie Sigrdrífa (often identified with Brynhildr) in magical sleep, locked in mail. He cuts the mail; she awakens and instructs him in runes, wisdom-counsels, and the practices of the heroic life." }, { "num": 25, "slug": "27-brot-af-sigurtharkvithu", "title": "Brot Af Sigurtharkvithu", "words": 2558, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/27-brot-af-sigurtharkvithu/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/27-brot-af-sigurtharkvithu.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Brot af Sigurðarkviðu — fragment of a Sigurðr-poem", "blurb": "A fragment of a longer Sigurðr-poem whose opening has been lost. The killing of Sigurðr by his sworn-brother Gunnarr (or his brother Guthormr) at Brynhildr's instigation; the lament of Guðrún over his body; Brynhildr's terrible cold satisfaction at the murder." }, { "num": 26, "slug": "28-guthrunarkvitha-i", "title": "Guthrunarkvitha I", "words": 2456, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/28-guthrunarkvitha-i/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/28-guthrunarkvitha-i.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Guðrúnarkviða I — Guðrún's lament", "blurb": "The first of three poems on Guðrún (Sigurðr's wife). The famous lament — Guðrún unable to weep until the women around her tell their own losses to free her tears. One of the most moving passages of female grief in any tradition; the Eddic counterpart of Greek tragic *threnos*." }, { "num": 27, "slug": "29-sigurtharkvitha-en-skamma", "title": "Sigurtharkvitha En Skamma", "words": 6136, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/29-sigurtharkvitha-en-skamma/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/29-sigurtharkvitha-en-skamma.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Sigurðarkviða en skamma — the short Sigurðr-poem", "blurb": "The *short* (in fact the longest) Sigurðr-poem. The full elaborated account of Sigurðr's death; Brynhildr's death-speech in which she predicts the further history of the family before throwing herself on Sigurðr's funeral pyre. The pivot from the heroic age into the Niflung tragedy proper." }, { "num": 28, "slug": "30-helreith-brynhildar", "title": "Helreith Brynhildar", "words": 1352, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/30-helreith-brynhildar/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/30-helreith-brynhildar.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Helreið Brynhildar — Brynhildr's Hel-ride", "blurb": "Brynhildr's ride to Hel after her death on Sigurðr's pyre. On the road she meets a giantess who rebukes her; Brynhildr defends her actions in a great speech that recounts her own life-story from the perspective of the dead. The Eddic complement to Sigrún's mound-visit in Helgakviða II." }, { "num": 29, "slug": "31-drap-niflunga", "title": "Drap Niflunga", "words": 901, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/31-drap-niflunga/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/31-drap-niflunga.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Dráp Niflunga — the slaying of the Niflungs", "blurb": "Short prose chapter — the slaying of the Niflungs (Gunnarr, Hǫgni, Guthormr) at the hand of Atli (Attila). Guðrún, now married to Atli, has plotted vengeance for her brothers' killing of Sigurðr but finds the vengeance pulled out of her hands by Atli's own treachery. The transition into the Atli-poems." }, { "num": 30, "slug": "32-guthrunarkvitha-ii-en-forna", "title": "Guthrunarkvitha II, En Forna", "words": 4039, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/32-guthrunarkvitha-ii-en-forna/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/32-guthrunarkvitha-ii-en-forna.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Guðrúnarkviða II, en forna — the second (older) Guðrún-poem", "blurb": "The second poem on Guðrún. After the Niflungs' fall, her marriage to Atli; her vision of the slaughter to come; the dreams that foretell Atli's slaying of her brothers. The expansion of the female perspective on the male heroic catastrophe." }, { "num": 31, "slug": "33-guthrunarkvitha-iii", "title": "Guthrunarkvitha III", "words": 1080, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/33-guthrunarkvitha-iii/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/33-guthrunarkvitha-iii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Guðrúnarkviða III — Guðrún's third lament", "blurb": "The third Guðrún-poem. A late composition. Guðrún under accusation by her serving-women defends her honour by the ordeal of boiling water — passing it without injury. The forensic-poem of female vindication, sharply different in tone from the other Guðrún-poems." }, { "num": 32, "slug": "34-oddrunargratr", "title": "Oddrunargratr", "words": 3034, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/34-oddrunargratr/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/34-oddrunargratr.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Oddrúnargrátr — Oddrún's lament", "blurb": "The lament of Oddrún, sister of Atli — who had loved Gunnarr the Niflung and was unable to save him from her brother's hatred. Oddrún tells her story to Borgný, whom she has just helped through difficult childbirth with her magic. The poem of the woman who loved the doomed enemy of her own house." }, { "num": 33, "slug": "35-atlakvitha-en-grönlenzka", "title": "Atlakvitha En Grönlenzka", "words": 5276, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/35-atlakvitha-en-grönlenzka/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/35-atlakvitha-en-grönlenzka.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Atlakviða en grönlenzka — the Greenland lay of Atli", "blurb": "The older of the two Atli-poems. Atli summons Gunnarr and Hǫgni to a feast; warned by their sister, they nonetheless ride to their certain death. Their killing — Gunnarr in the snake-pit, Hǫgni's heart cut from his living body — and Guðrún's terrible revenge: killing her sons by Atli and feeding them to Atli, then burning the hall." }, { "num": 34, "slug": "36-atlamol-en-grönlenzku", "title": "Atlamol En Grönlenzku", "words": 9480, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/36-atlamol-en-grönlenzku/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/36-atlamol-en-grönlenzku.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Atlamál en grönlenzku — the Greenland sayings of Atli", "blurb": "The longer, later treatment of the same Atli material. More dialogue, more interior characterisation, the same brutal events. A masterpiece of late Eddic narrative compression — the bourgeois-domestic register applied to the heroic catastrophe, more dreadful for being made everyday." }, { "num": 35, "slug": "37-guthrunarhvot", "title": "Guthrunarhvot", "words": 2649, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/37-guthrunarhvot/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/37-guthrunarhvot.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Guðrúnarhvǫt — Guðrún's whetting", "blurb": "Guðrún whets her surviving sons Hamðir and Sǫrli (by her third husband Jónakr) to ride against King Jǫrmunrekkr, who has had her daughter Svanhildr (by Sigurðr) trampled to death by horses. The mother arms her sons for the final vengeance that will end her line as it has ended every other." }, { "num": 36, "slug": "38-hamthesmol", "title": "Hamthesmol", "words": 2994, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/38-hamthesmol/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/38-hamthesmol.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Hamðismál — the death of Hamðir and Sǫrli", "blurb": "The closing poem of the Codex Regius. Hamðir and Sǫrli ride to Jǫrmunrekkr's hall; they wound the king terribly but fall themselves under his guards' stones. The end of the Vǫlsung-Niflung line; the closing of the whole heroic cycle that began with Sigurðr." }, { "num": 37, "slug": "39-pronouncing-index-of-proper-names", "title": "Pronouncing Index Of Proper Names", "words": 7675, "url": "/sources/edda/poetic-edda/39-pronouncing-index-of-proper-names/", "api": "/api/sources/edda/poetic-edda/39-pronouncing-index-of-proper-names.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Bellows's pronouncing index", "blurb": "Henry Adams Bellows's pronouncing index of the proper names in the *Poetic Edda*. With phonetic guidance for the Old Norse names and brief identifying notes — a useful reference apparatus for the English reader navigating the dense onomastic of the Eddic poems." } ] }