{ "meta": { "schema_version": "1.2", "endpoint": "/api/sources/mishnah/index.json" }, "work": { "slug": "mishnah", "name": "Mishnah", "stream": "egyptian-hebrew", "epoch_reflected": "greco-latin", "epoch_written": "greco-latin", "form": "rabbinic", "tradition": "Jewish (Tannaitic)", "author": "Anonymous (Tannaim, redacted by Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi c. 200 CE)", "year_approx": 200, "note": "The earliest codification of the Oral Torah (c. 200 CE), redacted by Rabbi Judah ha-Nasi. De Sola and Raphall's 1843 translation of the Eighteen Treatises (Mishnayot).", "books_slug": "raphall--eighteen-treatises-from-the-mishna", "books_slugs": null, "has_project_translation": false, "steiner_loci": [] }, "parents": [], "translation": { "title": null, "author": null, "source": null }, "chapters": [ { "num": 1, "slug": "03-preface", "title": "Preface", "words": 531, "url": "/sources/mishnah/03-preface/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/03-preface.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "De Sola & Raphall's 1843 translators' preface", "blurb": "The translators' preface to Eighteen Treatises from the Mishna. D. A. De Sola (Sephardi minister at Bevis Marks, London) and M. J. Raphall recount the synagogue debates over the divinity of the Oral Law that occasioned the first authorised English translation by Jewish hands." }, { "num": 2, "slug": "04-chapter-i", "title": "Berakhot — Chapter I", "words": 18280, "url": "/sources/mishnah/04-chapter-i/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/04-chapter-i.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "From what time may the Shema be said in the evening?", "blurb": "Tractate Berakhot (Blessings) opens with the great dispute on the boundaries of the evening Shema — R. Eleazar, the Sages, and Rabbon Gamaliel each set a different terminus. Establishes the principle that the Sages set earlier limits 'to withhold man from transgression.'" }, { "num": 3, "slug": "05-chapter-ii", "title": "Berakhot — Chapter II", "words": 18913, "url": "/sources/mishnah/05-chapter-ii/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/05-chapter-ii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Intention (kavvanah) and the Shema", "blurb": "Reading the Torah passage that contains the Shema vs. saying the Shema itself; the role of intention (kavvanah) in fulfilling the precept; pauses, gaps, and interruptions; the ordering of the three Shema paragraphs." }, { "num": 4, "slug": "06-chapter-iii", "title": "Berakhot — Chapter III", "words": 20573, "url": "/sources/mishnah/06-chapter-iii/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/06-chapter-iii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Exemptions: the mourner, the bridegroom, the bier-bearer", "blurb": "Who is exempt from the Shema, prayer, and tefillin: the one whose dead lies before him, those carrying the bier, the bridegroom on his wedding night, women, slaves, and minors. The principle that one occupied with one commandment is exempt from another." }, { "num": 5, "slug": "07-chapter-iv", "title": "Berakhot — Chapter IV", "words": 21768, "url": "/sources/mishnah/07-chapter-iv/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/07-chapter-iv.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "The daily liturgy — Shacharit, Mincha, Maariv", "blurb": "The three daily prayers. Morning prayer until noon; the Mincha (afternoon) prayer until evening; their boundaries debated by R. Jehudah and the Sages. The short prayer for one in danger; turning toward the Temple in prayer." }, { "num": 6, "slug": "08-chapter-v", "title": "Berakhot — Chapter V", "words": 11783, "url": "/sources/mishnah/08-chapter-v/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/08-chapter-v.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Standing in prayer with profound humility", "blurb": "The bearing required for the Amidah: 'with profound humility.' The pious of old paused a full hour before praying to direct their hearts to the Deity. The interruptions permitted; the prayer-leader's responsibility for the congregation." }, { "num": 7, "slug": "09-chapter-vi", "title": "Berakhot — Chapter VI", "words": 8435, "url": "/sources/mishnah/09-chapter-vi/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/09-chapter-vi.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Blessings before eating — fruit, bread, wine", "blurb": "The Borei pri ha-etz, Borei pri ha-adamah, Borei pri ha-gefen formulas. Which blessing precedes which food; the special status of wine; the ordering when multiple foods are present; the rule for foods that change form." }, { "num": 8, "slug": "10-chapter-vii", "title": "Berakhot — Chapter VII", "words": 9551, "url": "/sources/mishnah/10-chapter-vii/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/10-chapter-vii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Zimmun — the call to grace after meals", "blurb": "Three men who have eaten together are bound to join in the zimmun (the formal invitation to bless together). The threshold of joining; women, slaves, and minors; the wording variations among the schools; whom one waits for." }, { "num": 9, "slug": "11-chapter-viii", "title": "Berakhot — Chapter VIII", "words": 9523, "url": "/sources/mishnah/11-chapter-viii/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/11-chapter-viii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Shammai and Hillel on the order of meal-blessings", "blurb": "The disputes between the schools of Shammai and Hillel over the points of mealtime conduct — washing hands and the cup, candle and incense and grace, the order of blessings. The schools' debate is the proverbial form of halakhic disagreement." }, { "num": 10, "slug": "12-chapter-ix", "title": "Berakhot — Chapter IX", "words": 11222, "url": "/sources/mishnah/12-chapter-ix/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/12-chapter-ix.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Blessings on wonders, sights, and the past", "blurb": "Blessings for seeing places where wonders were wrought for Israel; for sites of extirpated idolatry; for the wise, the mighty, the strange creature; for thunder, lightning, and the sea. The blessing on good news and on evil — 'Blessed be the true Judge.'" }, { "num": 11, "slug": "13-treatises-ii-peah-to-iii-demai-synopses", "title": "Treatises II. Peah to III. Demai [synopses]", "words": 111, "url": "/sources/mishnah/13-treatises-ii-peah-to-iii-demai-synopses/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/13-treatises-ii-peah-to-iii-demai-synopses.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Synopses: Peah and Demai (untranslated)", "blurb": "Translators' synopses of the two tractates of Seder Zera'im they did not render in full. Peah — the corner of the field left for the poor (Lev. 23:22, Deut. 24:19); Demai — the tithing of doubtfully-tithed agricultural produce." }, { "num": 12, "slug": "14-treatises-v-shebiith-to-xi-bikoorim-synopses", "title": "Treatises V. Shebiith to XI. Bikoorim [synopses]", "words": 156, "url": "/sources/mishnah/14-treatises-v-shebiith-to-xi-bikoorim-synopses/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/14-treatises-v-shebiith-to-xi-bikoorim-synopses.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Synopses: Shebiith through Bikkurim", "blurb": "Synopses of seven tractates: Shebiith (Sabbatical year), Terumoth (heave-offering), Maaseroth (first tithe), Maaser Sheni (second tithe), Hallah (first dough), Orlah (uncircumcised trees), Bikkurim (first fruits)." }, { "num": 13, "slug": "15-introduction", "title": "Introduction", "words": 3886, "url": "/sources/mishnah/15-introduction/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/15-introduction.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Introduction to Tractate Shabbat", "blurb": "The translators' introduction to Tractate Shabbat. The fourth commandment of the Decalogue; the rabbinic enumeration of the thirty-nine forbidden labours (avot melakhah) derived from the construction of the Tabernacle; the rabbinic gerade-fence raised against Sabbath-violation." }, { "num": 14, "slug": "16-chapter-x", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter X", "words": 6708, "url": "/sources/mishnah/16-chapter-x/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/16-chapter-x.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Carrying out from one domain to another", "blurb": "The boundary of forbidden carrying on the Sabbath — the quantities that incur guilt for transporting seed, samples, and medicines. The principle that the labour of carrying is only Toraitically forbidden when the object is of a certain minimum quantity." }, { "num": 15, "slug": "17-chapter-xii", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XII", "words": 2936, "url": "/sources/mishnah/17-chapter-xii/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/17-chapter-xii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Building, hewing, hammering — the construction-derived labours", "blurb": "The minimum measures of work that incur guilt for building, hewing stone, hammering, planing, boring — labours derived directly from the building of the Tabernacle as the avot melakhah of the Sabbath." }, { "num": 16, "slug": "18-chapter-xiii", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XIII", "words": 4781, "url": "/sources/mishnah/18-chapter-xiii/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/18-chapter-xiii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Weaving and the textile labours", "blurb": "R. Eleazar and the Sages on the minimum threads required to incur guilt for weaving, on the beginning vs. middle of the weft, on tearing and stitching and dyeing — the principal textile labours from the Tabernacle's curtains." }, { "num": 17, "slug": "19-chapter-xiv", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XIV", "words": 1519, "url": "/sources/mishnah/19-chapter-xiv/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/19-chapter-xiv.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "The eight kinds of vermin — trapping on the Sabbath", "blurb": "The eight kinds of vermin mentioned in Leviticus 11:29-30 and the laws of trapping and wounding them on the Sabbath. Distinctions between catching, wounding, killing — and what counts as healing-work for the sick." }, { "num": 18, "slug": "20-chapter-xv", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XV", "words": 2045, "url": "/sources/mishnah/20-chapter-xv/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/20-chapter-xv.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Knots that incur guilt — the camel-driver's, the boatman's", "blurb": "Knots considered melakhah for Sabbath purposes — the camel-driver's knot, the boatman's knot, and the principle that any knot intended to remain permanently incurs guilt by both tying and untying. Distinctions for women's knots and clothing-ties." }, { "num": 19, "slug": "21-chapter-xvi", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XVI", "words": 2320, "url": "/sources/mishnah/21-chapter-xvi/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/21-chapter-xvi.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Saving sacred writings from fire", "blurb": "The priority of saving sacred writings from a Sabbath conflagration; what may and may not be saved; the limits of saving one's own goods; the rabbinic decree extinguishing the lamp on the Sabbath only when life is endangered." }, { "num": 20, "slug": "22-chapter-xvii", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XVII", "words": 499, "url": "/sources/mishnah/22-chapter-xvii/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/22-chapter-xvii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Vessels and their lids on the Sabbath", "blurb": "Which vessels may be moved on the Sabbath together with their lids and detached parts; what is permitted to move with the hand vs. only with the body; the disputed cases of broken vessels and tools whose function has lapsed." }, { "num": 21, "slug": "23-chapter-xviii", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XVIII", "words": 396, "url": "/sources/mishnah/23-chapter-xviii/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/23-chapter-xviii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Moving for guests, for teaching, for childbirth", "blurb": "Permission to move quantities of straw or grain to make room for guests or for disciples studying Torah; the relaxation of carrying-restrictions for the laboring woman and the newborn; the principle of kavod ha-beriot (human dignity) modifying rabbinic prohibition." }, { "num": 22, "slug": "24-chapter-xix", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XIX", "words": 697, "url": "/sources/mishnah/24-chapter-xix/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/24-chapter-xix.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Circumcision on the Sabbath", "blurb": "The brit-milah that falls on the Sabbath and the labours it permits — R. Eleazar's view that all instruments needed for the circumcision are brought through the public domain. The interleaving of the eighth-day commandment with Sabbath rest." }, { "num": 23, "slug": "25-chapter-xx", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XX", "words": 426, "url": "/sources/mishnah/25-chapter-xx/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/25-chapter-xx.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Filtering and pouring on the Sabbath", "blurb": "Permitted and forbidden ways of straining wine and other liquids on the Sabbath; the distinction between separating mixed kinds (borer) and ordinary serving. Brief chapter of practical kitchen-rulings." }, { "num": 24, "slug": "26-chapter-xxi", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XXI", "words": 355, "url": "/sources/mishnah/26-chapter-xxi/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/26-chapter-xxi.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Carrying through indirect means", "blurb": "A man may lift up his child even when the child holds a stone; he may move a hamper containing a stone; unclean heave-offering may be moved together with clean food. The principle of bi-tzevi'a (the prohibited item being secondary to the permitted)." }, { "num": 25, "slug": "27-chapter-xxii", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XXII", "words": 611, "url": "/sources/mishnah/27-chapter-xxii/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/27-chapter-xxii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Salvage from a broken cask", "blurb": "Should a cask break on the Sabbath, three-meals'-worth may be saved; the owner may call others to save for themselves on condition the saved portion is not a quantity that constitutes forbidden carrying. The Mishnah's lenient treatment of accidental damage." }, { "num": 26, "slug": "28-chapter-xxiii", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XXIII", "words": 602, "url": "/sources/mishnah/28-chapter-xxiii/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/28-chapter-xxiii.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Borrowing without business-language on the Sabbath", "blurb": "A man may borrow wine or oil from his acquaintance provided he does not use the language 'lend me' (which implies repayment with interest); a woman may borrow bread from her friends; the Sabbath restriction on commercial speech (dabbur)." }, { "num": 27, "slug": "29-chapter-xxiv", "title": "Shabbat — Chapter XXIV", "words": 482, "url": "/sources/mishnah/29-chapter-xxiv/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/29-chapter-xxiv.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Caught by dusk on the road", "blurb": "The traveller overtaken by Sabbath dusk on the road — he gives his purse to a heathen; failing that, places it on his ass; failing that, drops it. The progression of Sabbath leniencies for the wayfarer; the prohibition on the rider; feeding one's beasts." }, { "num": 28, "slug": "30-chapter-xi", "title": "Yebamot — Chapter XI", "words": 2897, "url": "/sources/mishnah/30-chapter-xi/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/30-chapter-xi.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Levirate marriage: the prohibited near relatives", "blurb": "From Tractate Yebamot (Levirate Marriage). On marrying the near relatives of a woman one has violated or seduced; the contrary prohibition on marrying the near relatives of one's own wife; the case of the proselyte's sons. The forbidden degrees of affinity." }, { "num": 29, "slug": "31-treatises-xxx-babah-kaman-to-xli-minchoth-synopses", "title": "Treatises XXX. Babah Kaman to XLI. Minchoth (synopses)", "words": 220, "url": "/sources/mishnah/31-treatises-xxx-babah-kaman-to-xli-minchoth-synopses/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/31-treatises-xxx-babah-kaman-to-xli-minchoth-synopses.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Synopses: the Bavot (Gates) and the criminal-civil tractates", "blurb": "Synopses of twelve tractates of Seder Nezikin (Damages): Bava Kamma (First Gate), Bava Metzia (Middle Gate), Bava Batra (Last Gate) on civil law; Sanhedrin, Makkot, Shevuot, Eduyot, Avoda Zara, Avot, Horayot; then Zevahim and Menahot from Seder Kodashim." }, { "num": 30, "slug": "32-treatises-xliii-bechoroth-to-lx-tebul-yom-synopses", "title": "Treatises XLIII. Bechoroth to LX. Tebul Yom (synopses)", "words": 374, "url": "/sources/mishnah/32-treatises-xliii-bechoroth-to-lx-tebul-yom-synopses/", "api": "/api/sources/mishnah/32-treatises-xliii-bechoroth-to-lx-tebul-yom-synopses.json", "project_translation": false, "subtitle": "Synopses: from the Firstborn to the Tebul Yom", "blurb": "Synopses of the last eighteen tractates: Bekhorot (firstborn), Arakhin (valuations), Temurah (substitution of consecrated animals), Keritot (excisions), Meilah (sacrilege), Tamid, Middot, Kinnim, then the laws of ritual purity through Tebul Yom (one immersed but awaiting sundown)." } ] }