The History of the Esoteric School 1904–1914, Volume Two

GA 265 — Hildesheim

Preliminary Remarks by the Editor

The way this armed conflict (of the First World War) was such that it cannot be compared with anything in history so far, it will be followed by a spiritual battle that will also be unlike anything in history. ... It will be seen that the whole earth will take part in this spiritual struggle, and that in this spiritual struggle Orient and Occident will stand in spiritual and soulful contrasts such as have never been seen before. (Stuttgart, June 15, 1919)

From the new approaches after the First World War to the reestablishment of the Esoteric School as the “Free University for Spiritual Science”

For Rudolf Steiner, the First World War was a blazing sign that completely new forms had to be found for a fruitful further development of general and esoteric social life. Far more than before the war, he must therefore have been under the strain of the tension that necessarily arose from the opposing efforts to maintain continuity with the hitherto valid hierarchical principle on the one hand, and to meet the demands of the new era on the other, that is, to introduce the democratic principle, i.e. publicness, into esoteric work. This is made clear by the following two statements. While one of them reads (it was made in the lecture Dornach, December 20, 1918, i.e. immediately after the end of the war): “In order to maintain the continuity of human development, it is still necessary today to take up ritual and symbolism, so to speak.” The other (it was said in connection with a description of Freemasonry in response to a question from workers on the Goetheanum construction site): ”In today's world, all such things are actually no longer appropriate. For, isn't it true that what we have to reject most of all in such things today is isolation? This soon leads to the emergence of a spiritual aristocracy, which should not exist. And the democratic principle, which must be given more and more scope, is completely opposed to both the freemasons' union and the closed priesthoods.

At the time of this latter utterance, Rudolf Steiner had already tackled the reorganization of the Society and the esoteric school, by means of which he evidently wanted to bring the contrast between the old hierarchical mode of working and the demand of the new time for democracy to a higher synthesis. The steps he took in this direction from the end of the war until his death were, broadly speaking, the following.

When he was asked several times immediately after the end of the war in the late fall of 1918 to resume esoteric teaching, he initially refused completely. This was partly due to the inappropriate behavior that had often occurred in the past, but also because the new forms necessary for the times had not yet been developed. But when, a year later, at the end of 1919, the question was put to him at the Stuttgart School as to whether a religious celebration could be arranged for the students of free religious education on Sundays, he replied that it would have to be a cult and added: If this cult could be given, it would at the same time be the first reconnection with the esotericism interrupted by the war.¹ - obviously insofar as it should again be a non-ecclesiastical cult.

Shortly after this ritual, the “Sunday ritual”, had been created and performed for the first time (February 1, 1920),² - from the teachers' conference in Stuttgart on November 16, 1921, the sentence is handed down: “A cult is the most esoteric thing one can imagine.” - Rudolf Steiner now resumed the esoteric work within the Anthroposophical Society. Initially in Dornach with two esoteric lessons on February 9 and 17, 1920. Although it was intended, it was not continued because various members had again behaved inappropriately. At the teachers' conference on November 16, 1921, when the question of esoteric lessons was raised, he said that it would be very difficult to do so and that he had to refrain from doing so because everything esoteric had been “disgracefully abused” so far. Esotericism is a “painful” chapter in the anthroposophical movement.³ Nevertheless, shortly afterwards, on December 4, 1921, in Norway, where lectures could be held again for the first time since the outbreak of the war in the summer of 1914, he gave an esoteric lecture. Furthermore, there was also a meeting with the members of the department of the cult of knowledge, at which - although two or three new members were admitted - the circle was solemnly dissolved (p. 451), just as it had been immediately after the outbreak of the war in the summer of 1914 (p. 114). But that does not mean that the old is dead – he explained in Kristiania – but will be resurrected in a metamorphosed form. In the course of 1922, two esoteric hours also took place in England (London), one during the April stay and the other during the November stay. Shortly before, in October, in connection with the pedagogical youth course that took place in Stuttgart,⁴ young anthroposophists approached Rudolf Steiner with the request for esoteric teachings to strengthen and deepen their community. The so-called esoteric youth group was formed, and it also received esoteric lessons. In the course of 1923 and early 1924, the following esoteric lessons also took place: in Kristiania in May 1923; in Dornach on May 27, October 23, 1923 and January 3, 1924 for the circle named by Rudolf Steiner after its initiators, the “Wachsmuth-Lerchenfeld Group” ; in Stuttgart on July 13 and October 13 for the esoteric youth group; in Vienna on September 30, 1923 for a small group that had come together at the request of Polzer-Hoditz.

Of the notes handed down from these hours, only those that reveal a relationship in content to the earlier esoteric cult of knowledge have been included in the present volume. These are the two hours in Kristiania and the three in Dornach that are thought to be for the 'Wachsmuth-Lerchenfeld Group'.⁵

The metamorphosis of esoteric, especially of the cult of knowledge, which has become necessary due to the changed conditions of the times, as indicated in Kristiania in December 1921 on the occasion of the formal dissolution of the circle, can already be found addressed immediately after the end of the war in the Dornach lecture of December 20, 1918. It was already stated at that time that the progress of time requires that many things must be renewed. For from the present time on and in the future, ever more clearly, new revelations break through the veils of events into the spiritual and mental horizon of human beings. Since these new revelations are the expression of a new creative principle, borne by the spirits of personality, the future will be increasingly determined by the expression of the impulses of personality. In this context, the fundamental difference between old and new revelation was explained and the nature of symbols and rituals was characterized as a form of expression of the old revelation, through which man was formerly addressed. The old symbolism did not play a significant role in anthroposophically oriented spiritual science. When reference was made to symbols, it was in the sense of “symbols of allegiance” to exemplify this or that or to demonstrate the “concordance” between “what is newly discovered, what can serve the new humanity, and what has been antiquated from ancient times.”

The style of this lecture, in which anthroposophical spiritual science is most emphatically described as a form of expression of the new revelation, was evidently influenced by the request of various friends to resume the esoteric work, especially the work of the cult of knowledge. The words seem to indicate this:

"There are a certain number of you who know that in our circles, too, those who seek have truly not been kept from the exposition of the symbolic and ritualistic traditions that have come down to us from ancient times, but always in a different spirit than is otherwise cultivated where symbols and ritual are valued in an antiquated sense. In order to maintain the continuity of human development, it is still necessary today to take up ritual and symbolism, so to speak. But in our circles, ritual and symbolism have never been presented as anything other than what is now supposed to lead to spiritual reality, to the direct integration of spiritual reality into contemporary values. Therefore, especially within anthroposophically oriented spiritual science, the explanation for many, actually for all ritual and symbolic aspects of the past. One can show how, on other paths, a wisdom that is antiquated today has been received by humanity, which has, so to speak, brought people into a state of bondage, but how today other paths of wisdom must be taken. ... It is extremely important to bear this in mind. To be able to be a human being in the innermost, deepest sense, connecting with what new revelations from the heavens want in terms of the evolution of the earth, that is what matters today.

Therefore, in the future it would no longer be acceptable to understand everyday life only as the poor, profane life and then to withdraw into the church or the mason temple, leaving these two worlds completely separate from each other.

Since then, Rudolf Steiner must have reflected on how esoteric work could be given a contemporary form, how the “old antiquated secret motif” could be replaced by something else (Dornach, December 20, 1918). Marie Steiner reports that at this time he often reflected on the nature that the new would have to take, that it would have to be “something binding, firm, overcoming lukewarmness and yet compatible with the freedom of each individual”: “He did not believe that one could still practice esotericism as in earlier times, in deepest seclusion, with strictly binding vows. These are no longer compatible with the sense of freedom of the individual. The soul must come before its own higher self and recognize what it owes to this self and to the spiritual world in reverent silence.“⁶

These considerations, which arose from the changed conditions of the time, the tragic loss of the Goetheanum building due to the fire on New Year's Eve 1922, the necessary but so difficult reorganization of the Society, led in the course of 1923 to the decision to found the Society anew at Christmas 1923, not only to constitute the Society as a completely public one, but also to give the esoteric school a form appropriate to the new consciousness of the times. It was anchored in the statutes of the Society as a “Free University for Spiritual Science”, which was to be built up in three classes and various scientific and artistic sections, and each member was granted the right to apply for admission after a certain period of belonging to the Society. In several essays Steiner characterized how he wanted this new esoteric school to be understood as a “Free University for Spiritual Science”. He stated that this university would not be like ordinary universities and would therefore not strive to compete with them or replace them. But what cannot be found at ordinary universities, the esoteric deepening that the soul seeks in its quest for knowledge, should be possible to obtain. The General Section should be there for those who want to seek the paths to the spiritual world in a general, human way; for those who seek an esoteric deepening in a specific scientific, artistic and so on direction, the other sections will endeavor to show the ways. In this way, every seeker will find at the School of Spiritual Science at the Goetheanum what they need to strive for in their particular circumstances. The School should not be a purely scientific institution, but a completely human one that also fully meets the esoteric needs of scientists and artists. Steiner said that he would ensure that the School's work would always be known in the broadest sense.⁷

Due to his immense overwork and his serious illness that began in the fall of 1924, only the first of the three classes could be established, along with a few scientific and artistic sections. We only have a hint of how the second and third classes would have been designed and that the cultic element should also figure in them. Much later, Marie Steiner once mentioned in a letter that he had told her that 'in Class II much of what he gave us in M.E. would flow pictorially into it and that in Class III this would have been transformed into moral power'.⁸ And in her notes for an address at the celebration commemorating the anniversary of Rudolf Steiner's death on March 30, 1926, she wrote⁹ :

"He left us before he was able to finish the work he had begun, before he was able to give us what he referred to as the second and third classes. In the second class, he wanted to give us the spiritual practice that would have corresponded to what the revelations that flowed forth in imaginations were of the supersensible school of Michael from... [end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th century].”¹⁰

Rudolf Steiner died a few months after making these suggestions. He had been exhausted for a long time and on March 30, 1925, he succumbed to the excessive efforts he had taken upon himself since Christmas 1923 as a result of his decision to to reshape society and the esoteric school in such a way that the abyss between the aristocratic nature of the spiritual and the ever-increasing demands of the new age for democracy, which he had spoken of in the esoteric hour of October 27, 1923 as a “heroic tragedy in the history of mankind,” could be bridged. Fate did not allow him to complete this large-scale work of the future. Nevertheless, it was “set up on earth as an example” in the sense of a word from his mystery dramas and “will continue to work spiritually in life, even if it does not persist in the sense being. A part of the power will be created in him that must ultimately lead to the marriage of spiritual goals and deeds of the senses.“¹¹