3. Our Critics

Nationale Blätter 1889, Volume II, 3

We already referred to the sad state of our newspaper criticism in the previous issue, when we discussed the question of management at the Burgtheater. We must come back to this again, because the weakness of this criticism is one of the main reasons why our theaters cannot develop in a healthy way. It is responsible for the decline of the Burgtheater, just as it makes it impossible for the Volkstheater to rise to a certain artistic height. Criticism has a twofold task. One towards the art institutions, the other towards the audience. Towards the theater it is incumbent on it to have a stimulating influence on the presentation. Artists will gladly learn from serious criticism based on principles; they will never learn the slightest thing from nagging, arbitrary criticism. But the audience, too, will gladly form its judgment in comparison with that of the critic, purify its taste, if it knows that it is confronted with a criticism that is based on artistic insight. Our theater criticism completely lacks this necessary foundation. That is why it is of no value to the actor or the audience. We can always observe how miserable this criticism is when it is confronted with a task that requires true knowledge and a genuine formation of taste, where the empty phrases of the ignorant newspaper writer are of no use. Quite apart from older examples, let us recall only some of the most recent, the performances of "Galeotto", "Gyges and his Ring" and the "Jewess of Toledo". "Galeotto" is one of the greatest dramatic creations. The play is of subtle psychological truth and allows us to see conflicts that provide a deep insight into the human heart. The Viennese critics were simply blunt in the face of this greatness. They had no idea that the Spanish poet had grasped a problem and dramatized it with tremendous power, one of the most subtle that only any artist can pose. With an unbelievable superficiality of judgment, even for the less educated, reference was made to the horrible, exciting things that shake the nerves! Only those who have no idea of the terrible power of the emotional forces at work in the characters of the play can speak in this way. Only those who can fully comprehend this shattering tragedy know the truth of the exciting external events. Our critics were equally perplexed by "Gyges and his Ring". In this drama, Hebbel raised himself to a height of contemplation that can only be reached by those who have an awareness of how the forces of nature intersect and fight in the human soul, how a repetition of life in the universe takes place in every human breast.

It is a deeply mystical idea that we encounter in this drama. It is true that Hebbel himself once hinted in the drama that his creation is to be understood in this sense, to be judged from this point of view; but such hints are too tenuous for our critics. One would have to be thoroughly educated to understand them. And so we had to listen to the most petty questions being asked about Hebbel's cosmic poetry, such as: whether the figures are possible, whether the ending is satisfying and so on. If it is a matter of the critic's insight and understanding being ahead of the audience, then he must put his foot down. No one needs a critic to know that the "onlooker" is an "animal in a figurative sense", that you don't know which faculty a Blumenthal doctor belongs to.

The "Jewess of Toledo" recently suffered a bad fate from the critics' lack of judgment. It was to the great credit of the late Förster that this play was revived. For even if it is not Grillparzer's most artistically rounded, most classically accomplished drama, it is undoubtedly the most interesting. What is interesting above all is how the hero fulfills his destiny. The king does not perish like an ordinary tragic hero, but undergoes a process of purification. Through the inner experience he has had with the passionate Jewish girl, a new man emerges in him. He sheds everything that has bound him to his previous life, his self undergoes a metamorphosis. Death is a much lesser atonement than this continued existence with the voluntary abandonment of everything that has so far made up the sum of his existence. He also divests himself of his sovereignty, his royal dignity. Grillparzer has thus dramatized a great idea of primitive Christianity. He has shown how a deeply penetrating inner experience can destroy a person's entire superficial self without him having to perish physically. The deeper self is able to assert itself in the face of such a complete reversal of moral views, to regard the rest of life in a new form as a duty and thus to accomplish the highest dramatic atonement for itself. Next to this figure of the king stands Rachel, the Jewish girl, as a no less interesting phenomenon. Drawing a figure like this is the height of artistic perfection. For Rachel unites in herself the most incredible psychological contrasts, and the poet has succeeded in uniting the opposites in one person in such a way that it works with convincing truth. This girl is frivolous and naïve at the same time, coquettish and graceful, she is rotten at heart and yet innocent again, she is demonic and at the same time superficial. But all these contradictions are woven into a picture full of the truth of life. But you have to let this picture work on you in life in order to see all its charms; Rachel could only trick the king for so long as he saw her before him with every fiber of her body fully alert. He had to come to his senses immediately when this magic of childlike agility was no longer there. And therein lies the psychological reason why he is healed by the evil "pull around the mouth" in the face of the corpse. The train around the mouth is only the symbol of how those contradictions could only become credible and appealing through such a life. Our critics have probably paid little attention to proper aesthetic studies, which is why they have no idea of the significance of the symbolic in this art. To systematically work through subtle books, such as Volkelt's "On the Concept of Symbol in Modern Aesthetics", certainly requires a certain amount of education. Today, people prefer to criticize on the fly, as the mood and other circumstances dictate.

But with poets such as Hebbel, Grillparzer and so on, only the tools of full aesthetic insight are sufficient. We have only recently gained a new understanding of the depth of Grillparzer's mind when we read the excellent book by Emil Reich: "Grillparzer's Philosophy of Art" (Vienna 1890), in which we find a picture of this poet's entire view of art.

We have used concrete examples to show how inadequate our criticism is. In one of the next issues, we want to talk about the pernicious influence of this criticism on the public's taste and need for art.