Vladimir Solovyov, a mediator between West and East

The fact that the “Kommende-Tag-Verlag” in Stuttgart has decided to present the works of the Russian philosopher Vladimir Soloviev in German translation to the public corresponds to a necessity in the intellectual life of the present day. From the abundance of what Soloviev has written, the following has recently been published: “Twelve Lectures on the God-Man.” Translated from the Russian by Harry Köhler (Stuttgart 1921). Solowjoff's life falls into the second half of the nineteenth century, his works into its end. How Eastern European thinking ponders the deepest questions of human existence, how it deals with the vital questions of its own time, is vividly revealed in Solowjoff's reflections. He is a personality who thoroughly examines the way of thinking of Western and Central European world views. He speaks in the forms of thought in which Mill, Bergson, Boutroux and Wundt also express themselves. But he speaks in a completely different way than all of them. He uses these forms of thought as a language, but he reveals the inner life of the human being from a different spirit. He shows that in Eastern Europe much still lives of that spirit which at the beginning of the Christian evolution was that of other European regions, but which there has been completely transformed. What the rest of the Occident can only grasp from history is of immediate life in the East.

Solowjoff speaks in such a way that one feels a certain revival of how, up to the fourth century, the thinkers of Christianity dealt with the union of the Christ-being in the man Jesus of Nazareth. To speak of these things as Solowjoff speaks, for that the Western and Central European thinkers today lack all conceptual possibilities.

In Solowjoff's soul, two experiences clearly coexist: the experience of the Father-God in nature and human existence, and of the Son-God, Christ, as the power that snatches the human soul from the bonds of natural existence and incorporates it into true spiritual existence.

Contemporary theologians in Central Europe are no longer able to distinguish between these two experiences. Their soul comes only to the Father-experience. And from the Gospels they only gain the conviction that Christ Jesus was the human herald of the divine Father. For Solowjoff, the Son stands in his divinity alongside the Father. Man belongs to nature like all beings. Nature in all its beings is the result of the divine. One can imbue oneself with this thought. Then one looks up to the Father-God. But one can also feel: man must not remain nature. Man must rise out of nature. If he does not rise above nature, nature becomes sinful in him. If one follows the paths of the soul in this direction, one reaches the regions where one finds in the Gospel the revelation of the Son of God. Solowjoff's soul moves on these two paths. He provides a worldview that rises far above the Russian Orthodox religion, but which is thoroughly Christian in religious terms, although it also reveals itself as genuine philosophical thinking.

In Solowjoff's philosophy, religion speaks; in his work, religion is transformed into a philosophical worldview. In European thought, the only other instance of this is found in Scotus Erigena in the ninth century, and not later. This Scot, living in Franconia, gave in his book “On the Organization of Nature” an overall view of the nature of the world and of man in which something similar to what breathes in Solowjoff's thoughts and feelings still lives in the West. But in Erigena we can already see the element of the Western world view that is still full of life in Solowjoff fading away. This emerges from his presentation to the soul of the European reader like a resurrection of the spirit of the first Christian centuries.

Consider how Solowjoff begins to speak about nature, death, sin, and grace in an essay: “In the human soul there are two invisible wings, two desires. These lift the soul above nature. These are the desire for immortality and the desire for truth as the desire for moral perfection. One desire is meaningless without the other. An immortal life without moral perfection would not bring man happiness. Man cannot be content with being immortal; he must also attain the worthiness for this immortality by living according to the truth. But perfection is also no good if it were to expire at death. An immortal life without perfection would be a fraud; perfection without immortality would be an outrageous untruth that would do harm."

Solowjoff speaks from such a way of thinking. It gives his descriptions their eastern character. The present age needs to broaden the mind's horizon. People around the world must come closer together. Solowjoff is a representative of the European East. He can serve to expand the spiritual life of the West. He himself had grown into this intellectual life in the manner of his expression; but he also retained his eastern soul. For a Westerner to encounter him means to find something that reveals significant aspects of humanity, but which the Western and Central European man can no longer find, at least not on the paths that have become the paths of knowledge in recent centuries.

The West and the East must find understanding for each other. Getting to know Soloviev can do a lot to help the West gain such understanding.