{"corpus":"steiner","locus":"GA 104/1908-06-20/p020","lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"text":"In the third age man had been able gradually to penetrate Maya with the human mind. This was completed in the fourth age of civilization, the Graeco-Latin, when in the wonderful works of art man produced a perfect image of himself in the outer material world, and portrayed in the drama of Aeschylus, pictures of human fate. Observe on the other hand how in the Egyptian civilization men still sought the will of the Gods. The conquest of matter such as we see in the Greek age signifies another stage, in which man made a step further in love of material existence; and finally in the Roman age he completely entered into the physical world. One who understands this knows also that in this age we must recognize the full appearance of the principle of personality. Hence in Rome first appears what we call the conception of justice, and man as “a citizen.” Only a confused science is able to trace jurisprudence back to all sorts of previous ages. What was previously understood as equity was something quite different. The old law is much more correctly described in the Old Testament in the Ten Commandments. What God commanded belonged to the ancient idea of law. It is absurd in our age to try to trace back the ideas of law to Hamurabi, etc. True equity and the idea of man as a citizen, was first actualized in Rome. In Greece the citizen was still a member of the municipal body. An Athenian or a Spartan counted for much more as an Athenian or a Spartan than as an individual. He felt himself part of the municipality. It was in Rome that the individual first became a citizen; only then had he reached this stage. This could be proved in detail. What we now call a testament or will did not exist in this sense before Roman times. A will or testament in its present meaning first originated at that time, because only then did the separate human being become determinative in his egoistic will, so as to impose his will upon his successors. Previously other impulses than the personal will were present which held the whole together. Thus it could be shown by many examples how man then entered into the physical world as an individual being.","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"title":"Lecture III","site_heading":"Seven Post-Atlantean Ages and Spiritual Initiation","site_heading_note":"A heading the site wrote for this unit from a summary of it; not in the edition, and not the words of Rudolf Steiner or of the translator. Cite the unit by its title and locus, never by this heading, and do not quote it.","date":"1908-06-20","location":null,"word_count":387,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/104/1908-06-20/p020","alignment_confidence":"high","alignment_reason":"beads:length","two_voice_volume":false,"translation_credit":{"scope":"unit","status":"established","translator":"Mabel Cotterell","identified_edition":"APC1958","book_title":"The Apocalypse of St. John","publisher":"Anthroposophical Publishing Co.","publisher_inferred":true,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA104/English/APC1958/19080620p01.html","evidence":"lecture_page_line","publisher_note":"The publisher is inferred from the edition code in this lecture's source URL, not stated by the source page. The translator IS verified for this lecture: its own source names the translator (evidence: the lecture's page, rsarchive's lecture list, or the cover of the book it was published in), and that page's text was matched against this unit (see match_score and source_url). Cite the translator with confidence; attribute the publisher only as probable."},"edition_coverage":{"de":["original"],"en":["English"]},"available_versions":[{"lang":"de","edition":"original","edition_basis":null,"is_original":true,"is_default_edition":true,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/104/1908-06-20/p020"},{"lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/104/1908-06-20/p020","paragraph_aligned":true}],"record":{"record_type":"unknown","scope":"volume","note":"How this text was taken down (shorthand transcript, listeners' notes or manuscript) is not on record here. Unknown is not an assurance of a stenogram: check the edition's own notes before resting an argument on one word.","evidence":null,"evidence_translation":null,"evidence_source":null},"german_anchor":{"de_prefix":"1908-06-20","de_passages":[{"locus":"GA 104/1908-06-20/p015","url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/104/1908-06-20/p015"}],"bead_confidence":"high","pairing_state":"proposed","verified":false,"length_check":{"de_words":362,"en_words":387,"ratio":1.07,"partial":false},"correspondence":"established","note":"English passage numbering is edition-relative, so the same number need not name the same paragraph in the German. The German original passage(s) above are the edition-invariant anchor — fetch them (lang='de') to verify wording before quoting across editions."},"paired_german":{"status":"paired","german":[{"locus":"GA 104/1908-06-20/p015","passage_number":15,"text":"So hatte man allmählich in der dritten Epoche die Maja zu durchdringen vermocht mit dem Menschengeist. Vollendet wurde das in der vierten Kulturepoche. Sehen Sie sich die griechisch-lateinische Kultur an, wo in den wunderbaren Kunstwerken der Mensch in der äußeren materiellen Welt ein völliges Abbild seiner selbst schafft, wo er im Drama seine menschlichen Schicksale entstehen läßt wie bei Aischylos. Sehen Sie sich dagegen an, wie man in der ägyptischen Kultur noch den Götterwillen erforscht. Jene Eroberung der Materie, wie wir sie in der griechischen Zeit sehen, bedeutet noch eine Stufe mehr, auf der der Mensch das materielle Dasein liebgewinnt, und vollends ist der Mensch in der römischen Zeit auf den physischen Plan herausgetreten. Wer das versteht, der weiß auch, daß wir darin das völlige Heraustreten des Persönlichkeitsprinzips zu erblicken haben. Daher trat in Rom zuerst das auf, was wir den Rechtsbegriff nennen, wo wir den Menschen zuerst als Bürger vor uns haben. Nur eine verworrene Wissenschaft kann die Jurisprudenz zurückführen auf allerlei vorhergehende Zeiten. Was man vorher unter Recht verstand, war etwas anderes. Viel richtiger schildert das Alte Testament in den Zehn Geboten das alte Gesetz. Was da der Gott befahl, das gehörte zu dem, was die Rechtsbegriffe enthielt. Es ist ein Unding in unserer Zeit, daß man die Rechtsbegriffe zurückführen will bis Hammurabi und so weiter. In Rom zuerst wird das eigentliche Recht, wird der eigentliche Begriff des Menschen als Bürger zur Geltung gebracht. In Griechenland noch war der Bürger Mitglied des Stadt-Staates. Der Athener, der Spartaner war als Bürger viel mehr denn als Einzelmensch. Er fühlte sich als Glied des Stadt-Staates. In Rom erst wurde der einzelne Mensch der Bürger, da konnte er es erst werden. Das ließe sich in allen Einzelheiten nachweisen. Das, was wir heute ein Testament nennen, gab es in dieser Bedeutung nicht vor der alten Römerzeit. Das Testament in seiner heutigen Bedeutung entstand damals erst, weil da erst der einzelne Mensch maßgebend sein sollte in seinem egoistischen Willen, um diesen Willen auf seine Nachkommen übergehen zu lassen. Vorher waren andere Impulse als der persönliche Wille da, die das Ganze zusammenhielten. So ließe sich an vielen Beispielen nachweisen, wie der Mensch heraustrat auf den physischen Plan.","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"word_count":362,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/104/1908-06-20/p015"}],"english":["GA 104/1908-06-20/p020"],"method":"length","confidence":"high","correspondence":"established","length_check":{"de_words":362,"en_words":387,"ratio":1.07,"partial":false},"pairing_state":"proposed","verified":false},"witness_completeness":{"ratio":1.06,"band":"comparable","note":null,"word_count":7128,"original_word_count":6750,"may_be_abridged":false},"witness_quality":{"translator":{"scope":"unit","status":"recorded","translator":"Mabel Cotterell","identified_edition":"APC1958","book_title":"The Apocalypse of St. John","publisher":"Anthroposophical Publishing Co.","publisher_inferred":true,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA104/English/APC1958/19080620p01.html","evidence":"lecture_page_line","publisher_note":"The publisher is inferred from the edition code in this lecture's source URL, not stated by the source page. The translator IS verified for this lecture: its own source names the translator (evidence: the lecture's page, rsarchive's lecture list, or the cover of the book it was published in), and that page's text was matched against this unit (see match_score and source_url). Cite the translator with confidence; attribute the publisher only as probable."},"entity_parity":{"status":"ok","checked_against":["GA 104/1908-06-20/p015"],"missing_from_translation":[],"present_only_in_translation":[],"bead_confidence":"high","note":"Every load-bearing name in the German counterpart appears in this English passage. That is a check on NAMES only: a translation can keep every name and still reverse who acts on whom, change a number, or soften a claim. Read the German for anything you intend to rest an argument on."},"note":"quote_safe certifies the bytes of this text. This block is about the translation as a WITNESS: who made it, and whether it carries the same names as the original. See witness_completeness for how much of the original this witness holds."}}