{"corpus":"steiner","locus":"GA 108/1908-10-20/p017","lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"text":"First of all, we now have to look at the connection between two concepts. We connect the concept of the horse and that of running when we say: The horse is running. - We call such a connection of concepts a “judgment.” The point now is that the connection of concepts is carried out in such a way that only correct judgments can arise. Here we have, first of all, only a connection of two concepts, quite independently of association and apperception. When we connect two ideas through their content, we form a judgment. An association is not a judgment, because, for example, you could also connect bull and horse with each other through an association. But the connection of ideas can also happen in more complicated ways. We can add judgment to judgment and thus come to a “conclusion.” A famous old example of this is the following: All men are mortal. Caius is a man. Therefore, Caius is mortal. - Two judgments are correct in these sentences, so the third one “Caius is mortal” that follows from them is also correct. A judgment is the combination of two terms, a subject with the predicate. If two judgments are combined and a third follows from them, that is an inference. We can now develop a general scheme for this: If “Caius” is the subject \\(S\\) and “mortal” the predicate \\(P\\), then in the judgment “Caius is mortal” we have the connection of the subject \\(S\\) with the predicate \\(P: S = P\\). According to this scheme, we can form thousands of judgments. But to come to a conclusion, we still need a middle term \\(M\\), in our example “human”, “all humans”. So we can set up the scheme for a conclusion:","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"title":"12. Formal Logic I","site_heading":null,"date":"1908-10-20","location":null,"word_count":292,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/108/1908-10-20/p017","alignment_confidence":"medium","alignment_reason":"beads:identity","two_voice_volume":false,"translation_credit":{"scope":"unit","status":"established","translator":"Steiner Online Library","identified_edition":"SOL2024","book_title":"Answers Provided by Anthroposophy Concerning the World and Life","publisher":"Steiner Online Library","publisher_inferred":true,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA108/English/SOL2024/19081020p01.html","evidence":"lecture_page_line","publisher_note":"The publisher is inferred from the edition code in this lecture's source URL, not stated by the source page. The translator IS verified for this lecture: its own source names the translator (evidence: the lecture's page, rsarchive's lecture list, or the cover of the book it was published in), and that page's text was matched against this unit (see match_score and source_url). Cite the translator with confidence; attribute the publisher only as probable."},"edition_coverage":{"de":["original"],"en":["English"]},"available_versions":[{"lang":"de","edition":"original","edition_basis":null,"is_original":true,"is_default_edition":true,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/108/1908-10-20/p017"},{"lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/108/1908-10-20/p017","paragraph_aligned":true}],"record":{"record_type":"unknown","scope":"volume","note":"How this text was taken down (shorthand transcript, listeners' notes or manuscript) is not on record here. Unknown is not an assurance of a stenogram: check the edition's own notes before resting an argument on one word.","evidence":null,"evidence_translation":null,"evidence_source":null},"german_anchor":{"de_prefix":"1908-10-20","de_passages":[{"locus":"GA 108/1908-10-20/p017","url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/108/1908-10-20/p017"}],"bead_confidence":"medium","pairing_state":"verified","verified":true,"evidence":["length","meaning","audit"],"length_check":{"de_words":269,"en_words":292,"ratio":1.09,"partial":false},"correspondence":"established","note":"English passage numbering is edition-relative, so the same number need not name the same paragraph in the German. The German original passage(s) above are the edition-invariant anchor — fetch them (lang='de') to verify wording before quoting across editions."},"paired_german":{"status":"paired","german":[{"locus":"GA 108/1908-10-20/p017","passage_number":17,"text":"Zunächst müssen wir jetzt hinschauen auf die Verbindung von zwei Begriffen. Wir verbinden den Begriff des Pferdes und den des Laufens, wenn wir sagen: Das Pferd läuft. - Solche Begriffsverbindung nennen wir ein «Urteil. Es handelt sich nun darum, daß die Begriffsverbindung so vorgenommen wird, daß nur richtige Urteile entstehen können. Hier haben wir zunächst nur eine Verbindung von zwei Begriffen, ganz unabhängig von der Assoziation und der Apperzeption. Wenn wir durch ihren Inhalt zwei Begriffe aneinanderfügen, so bilden wir ein Urteil. Eine Assoziation ist kein Urteil, denn man könnte zum Beispiel auch Stier und Pferd aus einer solchen heraus miteinander verbinden. Die Verbindung von Begriffen kann aber auch noch auf kompliziertere Weise geschehen. Wir können Urteil an Urteil fügen und kommen so zu einem «Schluß». Ein berühmtes altes Beispiel hierfür ist folgendes: Alle Menschen sind sterblich. Cajus ist ein Mensch. Also ist Cajus sterblich. - Zwei Urteile sind in diesen Sätzen richtig, also ist das aus ihnen gefolgerte dritte «Cajus ist sterblich» ebenfalls richtig. Ein Urteil ist die Zusammenfügung zweier Begriffe, eines Subjektes mit dem Prädikat. Wenn zwei Urteile zusammengefügt werden und daraus ein drittes folgt, so ist das ein Schluß. Man kann nun ein allgemeines Schema hierfür bilden: Ist «Cajus» das Subjekt \\(S\\) und «sterblich» das Prädikat \\(P\\), so haben wir in dem Urteil «Cajus ist sterblich» die Verbindung des Subjektes \\(S\\) mit dem Prädikat \\(P: S = P\\). Nach diesem Schema können wir Tausende von Urteilen bilden. Um aber zu einem Schluß zu kommen, müssen wir noch einen Mittelbegriff \\(M\\) haben, in unserem Beispiele «Mensch», «Alle Menschen». So können wir für einen Schluß das Schema aufstellen:","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"word_count":269,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/108/1908-10-20/p017"}],"english":["GA 108/1908-10-20/p017"],"method":"identity","confidence":"medium","correspondence":"established","length_check":{"de_words":269,"en_words":292,"ratio":1.09,"partial":false},"pairing_state":"verified","verified":true,"evidence":["length","meaning","audit"]},"witness_completeness":{"ratio":1.03,"band":"comparable","note":null,"word_count":3563,"original_word_count":3476,"may_be_abridged":false},"witness_quality":{"translator":{"scope":"unit","status":"recorded","translator":"Steiner Online Library","identified_edition":"SOL2024","book_title":"Answers Provided by Anthroposophy Concerning the World and Life","publisher":"Steiner Online Library","publisher_inferred":true,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA108/English/SOL2024/19081020p01.html","evidence":"lecture_page_line","publisher_note":"The publisher is inferred from the edition code in this lecture's source URL, not stated by the source page. The translator IS verified for this lecture: its own source names the translator (evidence: the lecture's page, rsarchive's lecture list, or the cover of the book it was published in), and that page's text was matched against this unit (see match_score and source_url). Cite the translator with confidence; attribute the publisher only as probable."},"entity_parity":{"status":"ok","checked_against":["GA 108/1908-10-20/p017"],"missing_from_translation":[],"present_only_in_translation":[],"bead_confidence":"medium","note":"Every load-bearing name in the German counterpart appears in this English passage. That is a check on NAMES only: a translation can keep every name and still reverse who acts on whom, change a number, or soften a claim. Read the German for anything you intend to rest an argument on."},"note":"quote_safe certifies the bytes of this text. This block is about the translation as a WITNESS: who made it, and whether it carries the same names as the original. See witness_completeness for how much of the original this witness holds."}}