{"corpus":"steiner","locus":"GA 125/1910-08-26/p025","lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"text":"At that time, Julius Robert Mayer, and later, independently of him, Helmholtz, discovered what has since been called the doctrine of the mechanical equivalent of heat, the so-called conservation of living force. Now, soon after that had happened, Helmholtz built another theory on this theory of the conservation of living force, which was then also widely accepted and is still considered indisputable by many today: namely, that in the interplay of living the interplay of living forces in the universe, there is a constant conversion of some other, let us say, of the processes in the world-leading living forces, be they the forces of magnetism or electricity, be they other purely mechanical forces, into heat. Now, in the sense of the so-called Carnot cycle, it is never possible to completely carry out the process of converting energy into heat while maintaining the same energy quantum. It must be said that it is never possible to convert all heat back into living force. Incidentally, if I wanted to describe this so-called second law of thermodynamics, I would have to give a few lectures on it. But today I only want to characterize it. It is not important that everything you can learn about it is also said here. In the sense of the second law of the mechanical theory of heat and in the sense of what Hermann Helmholtz made of it in the 1850s, it is the case that in all the processes of our existence, ultimately, in the conversion of heat into power, there must be a quantum of heat that can no longer be converted back into another power. Consequently, all our physical-mechanical processes must ultimately proceed in such a way that their forces are converted into heat. And since there is always a residue of heat, these processes must ultimately come to an end in a goal that consists in all other forces having been converted into heat, that all living forces, so to speak, will ultimately have been converted into heat. We would thus have reached what we can call the heat death of our earth. Of course, no other process could take place if everything were converted into heat. Thus, so to speak, physical thinking up to the middle of the 19th century runs into this law, runs into the statement that, if one consulted what could be physically thought at that time, was actually quite correct: it runs into the statement of the heat death of our earth. And the only consolation that Helmholtz found was this: It is still a long time away, and no one has to fear that the heat death will affect them so soon. And everything we can observe shows us this process to such a small extent that we can hope that life will continue for millions of years without the heat death affecting the Earth. For those who proceed with more thorough knowledge, this remains just a philistine consolation.","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"title":"VI. The Present State of Philosophy and Science","site_heading":null,"date":"1910-08-26","location":null,"word_count":492,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/125/1910-08-26/p025","alignment_confidence":"high","alignment_reason":"beads:identity","two_voice_volume":false,"translation_credit":{"scope":"unit","status":"established","translator":"Steiner Online Library","identified_edition":"SOL2024","book_title":"Paths and Goals of Spiritual Man","publisher":"Steiner Online Library","publisher_inferred":true,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA125/English/SOL2024/19100826p01.html","evidence":"lecture_page_line","publisher_note":"The publisher is inferred from the edition code in this lecture's source URL, not stated by the source page. 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Unknown is not an assurance of a stenogram: check the edition's own notes before resting an argument on one word.","evidence":null,"evidence_translation":null,"evidence_source":null},"paired_german":{"status":"paired","german":[{"locus":"GA 125/1910-08-26/p025","passage_number":25,"text":"Dazumal hat Julius Robert Mayer, dann unabhängig von ihm Helmholtz das gefunden, was man seither die Lehre vom mechanischen Wärmeäquivalent genannt hat, von der sogenannten Erhaltung der lebendigen Kraft. Nun hat, bald nachdem das geschehen war, Helmholtz auf diese Theorie von der Erhaltung der lebendigen Kraft eine andere gebaut, die dann auch weithin angenommen worden ist, die heute noch vielen als unanfechtbar gilt: diese nämlich, daß in dem Wechselspiel von der lebendigen Kraft im Weltall fortwährend Umsetzungen stattfinden von irgendwelchen anderen, sagen wir von Verrichtungen in den weltführenden lebendigen Kräften, seien es die Kräfte des Magnetismus oder der Elektrizität, seien es andere rein mechanische Kräfte die Umsetzung solcher Kräfte in Wärme. Nun ist es im Sinne des sogenannten Carnotschen Satzes niemals möglich, in vollständiger Weise den Umwandlungsprozeß von Kraft in Wärme unter Aufrechterhaltung desselben Kraftquantums zu vollziehen. Man muß sagen: Es ist niemals möglich, alle Wärme wieder zurückzuverwandeln in lebendige Kraft. - Wollte ich übrigens diesen sogenannten zweiten Hauptsatz der Wärmetheorie beschreiben, so müßte ich ein paar Vorlesungen darüber halten. Ich will aber heute nur charakterisieren. Es kommt dabei nicht darauf an, daß alles einzelne, was Sie sich darüber aneignen können, auch hier gesagt werde. Im Sinne des zweiten Hauptsatzes der mechanischen Wärmetheorie und im Sinne dessen, was in den fünfziger Jahren des vorigen Jahrhunderts Hermann Helmholtz daraus gemacht hat, liegt es also, daß bei allen Prozessen unseres Daseins zuletzt bei der Umwandlung von Wärme in Kraft ein Wärmequantum da sein muß, das nicht mehr zurückverwandelt werden kann in eine andere Kraft. Infolgedessen müssen alle unsere physikalisch-mechanischen Prozesse zuletzt so verlaufen, daß ihre Kräfte sich in Wärme umsetzen. Und da immer ein Rückstand von Wärme bleibt, so müssen diese Prozesse endlich in ein Ziel auslaufen, welches darin besteht, daß alle andere Kraft in Wärme umgewandelt worden ist, daß sozusagen alle lebendigen Kräfte zuletzt in Wärme umgewandelt sein werden. Wir würden damit das gegeben haben, was wir den Wärmetod unserer Erde nennen können. Da könnte natürlich kein anderer Prozeß erfolgen, wenn alles in Wärme umgewandelt wäre. So läuft sozusagen das physikalische Denken bis zur Mitte des 19. Jahrhunderts in dieses Gesetz ein, läuft ein in die Aussage, die, wenn man das, was dazumal physikalisch gedacht werden konnte, zu Rate zog, eigentlich ganz richtig war: sie läuft ein in die Konstatierung des Wärmetodes unserer Erde. Und der einzige Trost, den Helmholtz fand, war der: Es ist noch lange hin, und keiner hat sich zu fürchten, daß ihn so bald der Wärmetod treffen werde. Und alles, was wir verfolgen können, zeigt uns in so geringem Maße diesen Prozeß, daß wir hoffen können, es werde noch durch Jahrmillionen das Leben flott so fortgehen, ohne daß die Erde der Wärmetod treffen werde. — Für denjenigen, der in der Erkenntnis gründlicher vorgeht, bleibt das eben nur ein philiströser Trost.","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"word_count":463,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/125/1910-08-26/p025"}],"english":["GA 125/1910-08-26/p025"],"method":"identity","confidence":"high","correspondence":"established","length_check":{"de_words":463,"en_words":492,"ratio":1.06,"partial":false},"pairing_state":"verified","verified":true,"evidence":["length","meaning","anchors","audit"]},"witness_completeness":{"ratio":1.04,"band":"comparable","note":null,"word_count":7932,"original_word_count":7595,"may_be_abridged":false},"witness_quality":{"translator":{"scope":"unit","status":"recorded","translator":"Steiner Online Library","identified_edition":"SOL2024","book_title":"Paths and Goals of Spiritual Man","publisher":"Steiner Online Library","publisher_inferred":true,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA125/English/SOL2024/19100826p01.html","evidence":"lecture_page_line","publisher_note":"The publisher is inferred from the edition code in this lecture's source URL, not stated by the source page. 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