{"corpus":"steiner","locus":"GA 155/1912-05-29/p042","lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"text":"It is interesting to see how very much of what has just been said corresponds also to the external historical course of human evolution. Let us go back a few centuries into the pre-Christian era. Among the people who have given the principal name to the fourth post-Atlantean age, the Greeks, we find the philosopher Plato. Amongst other things, Plato wrote about morals, about the virtues of man. By the way in which he wrote, we can recognise that he was reticent concerning the highest things, the actual secrets, but what he felt able to say he put into the mouth of Socrates. Now, in a period of European culture in which the Christ-impulse had not yet worked, Plato described the highest virtues he recognised, namely, the virtues which the Greeks looked upon as those which a moral man ought to have above all things. He described first of all three virtues, and a fourth with which we shall later become acquainted. The first was “Wisdom.” Wisdom as such, Plato looked upon as virtue. This is justified, for in the most varied directions we have found that wisdom lies at the foundation of moral life. In India the wisdom of the Brahmins lay at the foundation of human life. In Europe this was indeed withdrawn into the background, but it existed in the Norse Mysteries where the European Brahmins had to make good again that which had been spoiled through the betrayal in the old Atlantean epoch. Wisdom stands behind all morality, as we shall see in our next lecture. Plato also, described, in the manner corresponding to the Mysteries, as the second virtue—“Valour”—that which we meet with in the population of Europe. As the third virtue he described Temperance or “Moderation” that is, the opposite of the passionate cultivation of the lower human impulses. These are the three chief Platonic virtues: Wisdom, Valour or Bravery; and Moderation or Temperance, the curbing of the sensual impulses active in man. Finally, the harmonious balancing of these three virtues Plato describes as a fourth virtue, which he calls “Justice.”","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"title":"Lecture II","site_heading":"Moral Impulses: From Atlantean Fall to Francis of Assisi","site_heading_note":"A heading the site wrote for this unit from a summary of it; not in the edition, and not the words of Rudolf Steiner or of the translator. Cite the unit by its title and locus, never by this heading, and do not quote it.","date":"1912-05-29","location":null,"word_count":347,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/155/1912-05-29/p042","alignment_confidence":"high","alignment_reason":"beads:length","two_voice_volume":false,"translation_credit":{"scope":"unit","status":"established","translator":"Henry Collison","identified_edition":"APC1928","book_title":"Anthroposophical Ethics","publisher":"Anthroposophical Publishing Co.","publisher_inferred":true,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA155/English/APC1928/19120529p02.html","evidence":"lecture_page_line","publisher_note":"The publisher is inferred from the edition code in this lecture's source URL, not stated by the source page. The translator IS verified for this lecture: its own source names the translator (evidence: the lecture's page, rsarchive's lecture list, or the cover of the book it was published in), and that page's text was matched against this unit (see match_score and source_url). Cite the translator with confidence; attribute the publisher only as probable."},"edition_coverage":{"de":["original"],"en":["English"]},"available_versions":[{"lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/155/1912-05-29/p042","paragraph_aligned":true}],"record":{"record_type":"unknown","scope":"volume","note":"How this text was taken down (shorthand transcript, listeners' notes or manuscript) is not on record here. Unknown is not an assurance of a stenogram: check the edition's own notes before resting an argument on one word.","evidence":null,"evidence_translation":null,"evidence_source":null},"other_renderings":{"loci":[{"locus":"GA 155/1912-05-29_02","ga":"155","lecture":"1912-05-29_02","kind":"renderings","relation":"another translation or transcription of the same lecture"}],"note":"The same lecture is also served at the loci listed, each with how it relates to this one. They are ONE witness, not independent attestations: quote the rendering you fetched, and do not cite another as corroborating it. Wording differs between translations, so a quotation found in one need not occur in the other."},"german_anchor":{"de_prefix":"1912-05-29","de_passages":[{"locus":"GA 155/1912-05-29/p038","url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/155/1912-05-29/p038"}],"bead_confidence":"high","pairing_state":"proposed","verified":false,"length_check":{"de_words":344,"en_words":347,"ratio":1.01,"partial":false},"correspondence":"established","note":"English passage numbering is edition-relative, so the same number need not name the same paragraph in the German. The German original passage(s) above are the edition-invariant anchor — fetch them (lang='de') to verify wording before quoting across editions."},"paired_german":{"status":"paired","german":[{"locus":"GA 155/1912-05-29/p038","passage_number":38,"text":"Interessant ist es, einmal zu sehen, wie sehr das, was jetzt gesagt worden ist, auch dem äußeren historischen Verlaufe der Menschheitsentwickelung entspricht. Gehen wir ein paar Jahrhunderte zurück in die vorchristliche Zeit. Da finden wir bei demjenigen Volke, das vorzugsweise den Namen gegeben hat dem vierten nachatlantischen Zeitraume, also bei den Griechen, den Philosophen Plato. Plato hat unter anderen Dingen geschrieben auch über die Moral, über die Tugend des Menschen, und er hat so über die Tugend geschrieben, daß wir darin erkennen können, daß er zwar mit den höchsten Dingen, den eigentlichen Geheimnissen zurückgehalten hat, daß er aber das, was er hat sagen dürfen, seinem Sokrates in den Mund gelegt hat. Da schildert nun Plato, also für eine Zeit der europäischen Entwickelung, in welcher der Christus-Impuls noch nicht gewirkt hatte, die höchsten Tugenden, die er anerkannte, die Tugenden, die der Grieche als diejenigen angesehen hat, die der moralische Mensch vor allen Dingen haben soll. Nun schildert Plato zunächst vorzugsweise drei Tugenden. Eine vierte werden wir noch kennen lernen. Drei Tugenden schildert Plato. Die erste ist die der Weisheit. Weisheit als solche sieht Plato als Tugend an. Wir haben sie in der verschiedensten Weise gerechtfertigt als dem moralischen Leben zugrunde liegend. In Indien lag zugrunde dem Menschenleben die Weisheit der Brahminen. In Europa trat sie zwar zurück, aber sie lebte in den nordischen Mysterien, wo die europäischen Brahminen das wieder gut zu machen hatten, was durch jenen Verrat in der alten atlantischen Zeit schlecht gemacht worden war. Weisheit steht, wie wir morgen sehen werden, hinter aller Moralität. Und als Tugend schildert Plato, seinen Mysterien entsprechend, auch den Starkmut, also dasjenige, was uns überhaupt bei der europäischen Bevölkerung entgegentritt. Als dritte der Tugenden bezeichnet er die Besonnenheit oder die Mäßigkeit, das heißt den Gegensatz des leidenschaftlichen Pflegens der niederen menschlichen Triebe. Das sind die drei Haupttugenden Platons: Weisheit, Starkmut oder Tapferkeit, und Mäßigkeit oder Besonnenheit — das ist die Zügelung der sinnlichen Triebe, die im Menschen wirken. Dann schildert Plato als vierte der Tugenden den harmonischen Ausgleich der drei genannten Tugenden, was er die Gerechtigkeit nennt.","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"word_count":344,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/155/1912-05-29/p038"}],"english":["GA 155/1912-05-29/p042"],"method":"length","confidence":"high","correspondence":"established","length_check":{"de_words":344,"en_words":347,"ratio":1.01,"partial":false},"pairing_state":"proposed","verified":false},"witness_completeness":{"ratio":0.99,"band":"comparable","note":null,"word_count":7065,"original_word_count":7143,"may_be_abridged":false},"witness_quality":{"translator":{"scope":"unit","status":"recorded","translator":"Henry Collison","identified_edition":"APC1928","book_title":"Anthroposophical Ethics","publisher":"Anthroposophical Publishing Co.","publisher_inferred":true,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA155/English/APC1928/19120529p02.html","evidence":"lecture_page_line","publisher_note":"The publisher is inferred from the edition code in this lecture's source URL, not stated by the source page. 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