{"corpus":"steiner","locus":"GA 191/1919-10-10/p022","lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"text":"We have got once for all to admit to ourselves that our civilisation has grown feeble, and must again find strength. I have expressed this in a rather abstract way, and to make it more concrete will put it as follows:—The old pre-Christian civilisations of the East produced, as you know, great cities. Great cities existed in them. We can look back over a wide spread range of civilisations in the East, which all produced great cities. But the great cities they produced had, as well, a certain character about them. All the civilisations of the East had this speciality for creating, along with the life of great cities, the conception that, after all, man's life is a void, a nothing, unless he penetrates beyond the merely physical into the super-physical. And so, great cities such as Babylon, Nineveh, and the rest, were able to develop a real growth, because men were not led by these cities to regard what the cities themselves brought forth as being itself the actual reality, but, rather, what is behind it all. It was in Rome that people came to make the civilisation of cities a gauge of what was to be regarded as real. The Greek cities are inconceivable without the country round them. If history, as we have it, were not such a conventional fiction,—a “fable convenue,”—and would only revive past times in their time aspect, it would show us the Greek cities rooted in the country. But Rome no longer had her roots in the country. Indeed, the whole history of Rome consists in the conversion of an imaginary world into a real world, the conversion of a world which is unreal into one which is real. It was in Rome that the Citizen was first invented,—that ghastly mock-figure alongside the living being, Man. For man is a human being; and if he is a citizen besides, that is a fiction. His being a citizen is something that is entered in the church register, or the town register, or somewhere of the sort. That besides being a human being, endowed with particular faculties, he is also the owner of assessed property, duly entered in the land register,—that is a fiction alongside the reality. That is thoroughly Roman thought. But Rome achieved a great deal more than that. Rome managed to take all that results from the separation of the town from the country,—the real, actual country,—and to give it a fictitious reality. Rome, for instance, took the old religious concepts and introduced into them the Roman legal concepts. If we go back to the old religious concepts with an open mind, we do not find the Roman legal concepts contained in the old religious ones. Roman jurisprudence simply invaded religious ethics. All through religious ethics, thanks to what Rome has made of them, there is, at bottom, a notion of the supersensible world as of a place with judges sitting, passing judgment on human actions, just as they do on the Benches of our law-courts, that are modelled on the Roman pattern.","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"title":"I. Social Impulses for the Healing of Modern Civilization","site_heading":null,"date":"1919-10-10","location":null,"word_count":511,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/191/1919-10-10/p022","alignment_confidence":"high","alignment_reason":"beads:length","two_voice_volume":false,"translation_credit":{"scope":"unit","status":"not_established","translator":null,"identified_edition":"LA1963","book_title":"Cosmogony, Freedom, Altruism","publisher":null,"publisher_inferred":false,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA191/English/LA1963/19191010p02.html","evidence":null,"reason":"no_translator_named","note":"Neither the lecture's own page nor rsarchive's lecture list names a translator for it. No translator is established for this lecture: nothing at the level of the lecture names one. Do not attribute this English to a translator, and do not borrow a credit from another lecture of the volume. Cite the German for anything load-bearing."},"edition_coverage":{"de":["original"],"en":["English"]},"available_versions":[{"lang":"de","edition":"original","edition_basis":null,"is_original":true,"is_default_edition":true,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/191/1919-10-10/p022"},{"lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/191/1919-10-10/p022","paragraph_aligned":true}],"record":{"record_type":"unknown","scope":"volume","note":"How this text was taken down (shorthand transcript, listeners' notes or manuscript) is not on record here. Unknown is not an assurance of a stenogram: check the edition's own notes before resting an argument on one word.","evidence":null,"evidence_translation":null,"evidence_source":null},"german_anchor":{"de_prefix":"1919-10-10","de_passages":[{"locus":"GA 191/1919-10-10/p018","url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/191/1919-10-10/p018"}],"bead_confidence":"high","pairing_state":"verified","verified":true,"evidence":["length","anchors","reader"],"reader_german":["GA 191/1919-10-10/p018"],"reader_part":true,"length_check":{"de_words":550,"en_words":606,"ratio":1.1,"partial":false},"correspondence":"established","note":"English passage numbering is edition-relative, so the same number need not name the same paragraph in the German. The German original passage(s) above are the edition-invariant anchor — fetch them (lang='de') to verify wording before quoting across editions."},"paired_german":{"status":"paired","german":[{"locus":"GA 191/1919-10-10/p018","passage_number":18,"text":"Wir müssen uns schon einmal das Geständnis machen, daß unsere Zivilisation schwach geworden ist und daß sie wiederum stark werden muß. Ich will, um Ihnen das, was ich damit abstrakt ausgesprochen habe, etwas konkreter zu gestalten, folgendes sagen. Auch die alten vorchristlichen orientalischen Kulturen haben, wie Sie wissen, große Städte hervorgebracht. Wir können zurückblicken auf weit ausgebreitete orientalische Kulturen, die auch große Städte hervorgebracht haben. Aber diese großen Städte der alten Kulturen, die hatten eine gewisse Gesinnung neben sich. Alle orientalischen Kulturen hatten das Eigentümliche, daß sie ausbildeten mit dem Leben in den Großstädten die Anschauung, daß eigentlich, wenn der Mensch nicht durchdringt über das Physische zum Überphysischen, er im Leeren, im Nichtigen lebt. Und so konnten sich wirklich die großen Städte Babylon, Ninive und so weiter entwickeln, weil der Mensch durch diese Städte nicht dazu gekommen ist, das, was diese Städte hervorgebracht haben, als das eigentlich Wirkliche anzusehen, sondern dasjenige, was erst hinter alledem ist. Es ist erst in Rom so geworden, daß man die Städtekultur zu einem Regulativ der Wirklichkeitsanschauung gemacht hat. Die griechischen Städte sind undenkbar ohne das sie umgebende Land; sie nähren sich von dem sie umgebenden Land. Wäre unsere Geschichte nicht so sehr eine Fable convenue, wie sie es ist, sondern würde sie die wirkliche Gestalt der früheren Zeiten neu heraufbringen, so würde sie zeigen, wie die griechische Stadt im Land wurzelt. Rom wurzelte nicht mehr im Lande, sondern die Geschichte Roms besteht eigentlich darinnen, eine imaginäre Welt zu einer wirklichen zu machen, eine Welt, die nicht wirklich ist, zu einer wirklichen zu machen. In Rom wurde eigentlich der Bürger erfunden, der Bürger, dieses fürchterliche Karikaturgebilde neben dem Wesen Mensch. Denn der Mensch ist Mensch; und daß er außerdem noch ein Bürger ist, ist eine imaginäre Sache. Daß er ein Bürger ist, das steht irgendwo in den Kirchenbüchern oder in den Rechtsbüchern oder dergleichen. Daß er, außer dem, daß er Mensch ist und als Mensch gewisse Fähigkeiten hat, auch noch einen eingetragenen Besitz hat, einen grundbuchlich eingetragenen Besitz, das ist etwas Imaginäres neben der Wirklichkeit. Das alles aber ist römisch. Ja, Rom hat noch viel mehr zustande gebracht. Rom hat verstanden, alles dasjenige, was sich ergibt aus der Loslösung der Städte vom Lande, vom wirklichen Lande, zu einer Wirklichkeit umzufälschen. Rom hat zum Beispiel verstanden, in die religiösen Begriffe der Alten die römischen Rechtsbegriffe einzuführen. Derjenige, welcher der Wahrhaftigkeit gemäß zu den alten religiösen Begriffen zurückgeht, der findet nicht in diesen alten religiösen Begriffen die römischen Rechtsbegriffe. Römische Jurisprudenz ist eigentlich hineingegangen in die religiöse Ethik. Es ist im Grunde genommen in der religiösen Ethik durch dasjenige, was Rom daraus gemacht hat - so, als wenn in der übersinnlichen Welt solche Richter dasäßen, wie sie auf unseren Richterstühlen römischer Prägung sitzen und über die menschlichen Handlungen richteten. Ja, wir erleben es sogar, weil die römischen Rechtsbegriffe noch nachwirken, daß da, wo vom Karma die Rede ist, die meisten Menschen, die heute sich zum Karma bekennen, sich die Auswirkung dieses Karma so vorstellen, als wenn irgendeine jenseitige Gerechtigkeit da wäre, welche nach den irdischen Begriffen das, was einer getan hat, belegt mit dieser oder jener Belohnung, dieser oder jener Strafe, ganz nach römischen Rechtsbegriffen. Alle Heiligen und alle überirdischen Wesenheiten leben eigentlich so in diesen Vorstellungen, daß römisch-juristische Begriffe sich in diese überirdische Welt hineingeschlichen haben.","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"word_count":550,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/191/1919-10-10/p018"}],"english":["GA 191/1919-10-10/p022","GA 191/1919-10-10/p023"],"method":"length","confidence":"high","correspondence":"established","length_check":{"de_words":550,"en_words":606,"ratio":1.1,"partial":false},"pairing_state":"verified","verified":true,"evidence":["length","anchors","reader"],"reader_german":["GA 191/1919-10-10/p018"],"reader_part":true},"witness_completeness":{"ratio":1.17,"band":"comparable","note":null,"word_count":7938,"original_word_count":6808,"may_be_abridged":false},"witness_quality":{"translator":{"scope":"unit","status":"not_established","translator":null,"identified_edition":"LA1963","book_title":"Cosmogony, Freedom, Altruism","publisher":null,"publisher_inferred":false,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA191/English/LA1963/19191010p02.html","evidence":null,"reason":"no_translator_named","note":"Neither the lecture's own page nor rsarchive's lecture list names a translator for it. No translator is established for this lecture: nothing at the level of the lecture names one. Do not attribute this English to a translator, and do not borrow a credit from another lecture of the volume. Cite the German for anything load-bearing.","warning":"No translator is recorded for this edition. An unattributed translation cannot be weighed as a witness: you cannot tell which hand made the choices in it. Cite the German for anything load-bearing."},"entity_parity":{"status":"discrepancy","checked_against":["GA 191/1919-10-10/p018"],"missing_from_translation":[],"present_only_in_translation":["Christ"],"bead_confidence":"high","bead_length_ratio":1.1,"likely_cause":"unresolved","note":"NAME MISMATCH between this English passage and its German counterpart. A name the German carries is absent here (or a name appears here that the German does not carry). 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