{"corpus":"steiner","locus":"GA 326/1922-12-27/p011","lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"text":"It is interesting to see in Newton's time and in the age that followed how civilized humanity is at pains to come to terms with the immense transformation in soul configuration that occurred as the old mathematical-mystical view gave way to the new mathematical-scientific style. The thinkers of the time find it difficult to come to terms with this revolutionary change. It becomes all the more evident when we look into the details, the specific problems with which some of these people wrestled. See how Newton, for instance, presents his system by trying to relate it to the mathematics that has been severed from man. We find that he postulates time, place, space, and motion. He says in effect in his *Principa*: I need not define place, time, space, and motion because everybody understands them.[^3] Everybody knows what time is, what space, place, and motion are, hence these concepts, taken from common experience, can be used in my mathematical explanation of the universe. People are not always fully conscious of what they say. In life, it actually happens seldom that a person fully penetrates everything he says with his consciousness. This is true even among the greatest thinkers. Thus Newton really does not know why he takes place, time, space, and motion as his starting points and feels no need to explain or define them, whereas in all subsequent deductions he is at pains to explain and define everything. Why does he do this? The reasons is that in regard to place, time, motion, and space all cleverness and thinking avail us nothing. No matter how much we think about these concepts, we grow no wiser than we were to begin with. Their nature is such that we experience them simply through our common human nature and must take them as they come. A successor of Newton's, Bishop Berkeley,[^4] took particular notice of this point. He was involved in philosophy more than Newton was, but Berkeley illustrates the conflicts taking place during the emergence of scientific thinking. In other respects, as we shall presently hear, he was not satisfied with Newton, but he was especially struck by the way that Newton took these concepts as his basis without any explanation, that he merely said: I start out from place, time, space, and motion; I do not define them; I take them as premises for my mathematical and scientific reflections. Berkeley agrees that one must do this. One must take these concepts in the way they are understood by the simplest person, because there they are always clear. They become unclear not in outward experience, but in the heads of metaphysicians and philosophers. Berkeley feels that when these four concepts are found in life, they are clear; but they are always obscure when found in the heads of thinkers.","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"title":"Lecture IV","site_heading":"Mathematics Severed from Human Experience: The Birth of Modern Science","site_heading_note":"A heading the site wrote for this unit from a summary of it; not in the edition, and not the words of Rudolf Steiner or of the translator. Cite the unit by its title and locus, never by this heading, and do not quote it.","date":"1922-12-27","location":null,"word_count":468,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/326/1922-12-27/p011","alignment_confidence":"medium","alignment_reason":"beads:length","two_voice_volume":false,"translation_credit":{"scope":"unit","status":"established","translator":"Maria St. Goar","identified_edition":"AP1985","book_title":"The Origins of Natural Science","publisher":"Anthroposophic Press","publisher_inferred":true,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA326/English/AP1985/19221227p01.html","evidence":"lecture_page_line","publisher_note":"The publisher is inferred from the edition code in this lecture's source URL, not stated by the source page. The translator IS verified for this lecture: its own source names the translator (evidence: the lecture's page, rsarchive's lecture list, or the cover of the book it was published in), and that page's text was matched against this unit (see match_score and source_url). Cite the translator with confidence; attribute the publisher only as probable."},"edition_coverage":{"de":["original"],"en":["English"]},"available_versions":[{"lang":"de","edition":"original","edition_basis":null,"is_original":true,"is_default_edition":true,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/326/1922-12-27/p011"},{"lang":"en","edition":"English","edition_basis":null,"is_original":false,"is_default_edition":true,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/en/ga/326/1922-12-27/p011","paragraph_aligned":true}],"record":{"record_type":"unknown","scope":"volume","note":"How this text was taken down (shorthand transcript, listeners' notes or manuscript) is not on record here. Unknown is not an assurance of a stenogram: check the edition's own notes before resting an argument on one word.","evidence":null,"evidence_translation":null,"evidence_source":null},"german_anchor":{"de_prefix":"1922-12-27","de_passages":[{"locus":"GA 326/1922-12-27/p010","url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/326/1922-12-27/p010"}],"bead_confidence":"medium","pairing_state":"proposed","verified":false,"length_check":{"de_words":510,"en_words":468,"ratio":0.92,"partial":false},"correspondence":"established","note":"English passage numbering is edition-relative, so the same number need not name the same paragraph in the German. The German original passage(s) above are the edition-invariant anchor — fetch them (lang='de') to verify wording before quoting across editions."},"paired_german":{"status":"paired","german":[{"locus":"GA 326/1922-12-27/p010","passage_number":10,"text":"Nun ist es interessant, wie in dieser Newtonschen Zeit und in der Zeit, die darauf folgt, die zivilisierte Menschheit damit beschäftigt ist, zurechtzukommen mit dem ungeheuren Umschwung, der sich in der Seelenverfassung von der älteren mathematisch-mystischen Anschauungsweise zu der neueren mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Anschauungsweise vollzog. Die Geister können eigentlich schwer fertig werden mit diesem gewaltigen Umschwung. Besonders klar wird einem das, wenn man so in die Einzelheiten hineinschaut, in die Aufgaben, mit denen die eine oder die andere Persönlichkeit kämpft. Nehmen wir einmal Newton, wie er darstellt sein Natursystem dadurch, daß er es in Beziehung zu bringen sucht mit der vom Menschen abgesonderten Mathematik, so finden wir, daß er voraussetzt zum Beispiel Zeit, Ort, Raum, Bewegung. Er sagt in seinen Prinzipien der Naturphilosophie: Ort, Zeit, Raum, Bewegung brauche ich nicht zu erklären, denn die kennt eigentlich jeder Mensch. Jeder Mensch weiß, was Zeit ist, was Raum ist, was Ort ist, was Bewegung ist, und so verwende ich innerhalb der mathematischen Welterklärung eben so, wie ich sie aufgreife aus der trivial-populären Anschauungsweise, die Begriffe des Raumes, der Zeit, des Ortes, der Bewegung. Nicht immer ist es so, daß die Menschen mit ihrem Bewußtsein voll das umfassen, was sie aussprechen. Es ist sogar im Leben höchst selten, daß ein Mensch wirklich mit seinem Bewußtsein in all dasjenige eindringt, was er ausspricht. Auch bei den größten Geistern ist das nicht der Fall. Und Newton weiß im Grunde genommen nicht, warum er zu Ausgangspunkten nimmt Ort, Zeit, Raum, Bewegungen und sie nicht irgendwie erklärt, nicht irgendwie definiert, während er bei allen folgenden Ableitungen durchaus darauf sieht, alles zu erklären, alles zu definieren. Warum ist das? Nun, das ist aus dem Grunde, weil einem gegenüber Ort, Zeit, Bewegung, Raum alle Gescheitheit und alles Denken nichts hilft. Man wird nämlich durch alles Denken über Ort, Zeit, Raum, Bewegung niemals gescheiter als man vom Anfange an ist, wo man im gewöhnlichen Erleben eben diese Begriffe, diese Vorstellungen aufnimmt. Die Vorstellungen sind eben so, daß man sie durch seine unmittelbare, ich möchte sagen, triviale Menschlichkeit erlebt und so behalten muß, wie man sie so hat. Einem Nachfolger Newtons, der allerdings mehr auf philosophischem Gebiete tätig war, aber der gerade außerordentlich charakteristisch ist für die Kämpfe während der Entstehung der naturwissenschaftlichen Denkweise, einem der Nachfolger Newtons, Berkeley, ist das ganz besonders aufgefallen. Er ist sonst nicht zufrieden mit Newton, davon werden wir noch hören, aber das ist ihm besonders aufgefallen, daß Newton diese Begriffe zugrundelegt, ohne sie zu erklären, daß er sagt: Ich gehe aus von Ort, Zeit, Raum, Bewegung, definiere diese nicht, sondern lege sie meinen mathematisch-naturwissenschaftlichen Betrachtungen zugrunde. Berkeley sagte: Das muß man so machen. Man muß diese Begriffe nehmen, wie sie der einfachste Mensch hat, denn da sind sie immer klar. Unklar werden nämlich die Begriffe von Ort, Zeit, Bewegung und Raum nicht draußen im Erleben, sondern unklar werden sie in den Köpfen der Metaphysiker und Philosophen. Findet man diese vier Begriffe im Leben, so sind sie klar — so meint Berkeley -, findet man sie in den Köpfen der Metaphysiker und Philosophen, so sind sie immer unklar.","text_trust":"verbatim","quote_safe":true,"word_count":510,"url":"https://anthroposophy.ai/v1/steiner/de/ga/326/1922-12-27/p010"}],"english":["GA 326/1922-12-27/p011"],"method":"length","confidence":"medium","correspondence":"established","length_check":{"de_words":510,"en_words":468,"ratio":0.92,"partial":false},"pairing_state":"proposed","verified":false},"witness_completeness":{"ratio":1.05,"band":"comparable","note":null,"word_count":6036,"original_word_count":5743,"may_be_abridged":false},"witness_quality":{"translator":{"scope":"unit","status":"recorded","translator":"Maria St. Goar","identified_edition":"AP1985","book_title":"The Origins of Natural Science","publisher":"Anthroposophic Press","publisher_inferred":true,"match_score":1.0,"source_url":"https://www.rsarchive.org/Lectures/GA326/English/AP1985/19221227p01.html","evidence":"lecture_page_line","publisher_note":"The publisher is inferred from the edition code in this lecture's source URL, not stated by the source page. 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