Paths and Goals of Spiritual Man
GA 125 — 2 June 1910, Copenhagen
III. Paths and Goals of the Spiritual Human Being
During these three days, we shall deal with a specific “topic.” We shall speak about the paths that the human soul can take in the present in the sense of a spiritual-scientific worldview, and about the goals of theosophical life. Today's lecture will provide a kind of introduction to this. Tomorrow and the day after tomorrow, we will then penetrate to the very heart of our consideration. Today, we want to take the standpoint more from the outside, so to speak, and first ask ourselves the questions: Is what we feel as a spiritual-scientific world view something that has been brought about by the will of individuals, or is it rooted in the soul of the time itself? Do we have something before us that is connected with the deepest needs of our epoch? We can best approach an answer to this question if we realize that all those who come to spiritual science from the most diverse walks of life, whether rich or poor, strong or weak, are seeking souls. They are all seeking souls who do not always know exactly what they are seeking, but feel that they are seeking something. They are often souls who have taken the most diverse paths and allowed themselves to be affected by what the present can give. Souls that have sought to satisfy their longings in this or that field of art, souls that have looked around in what science can give; souls that have felt, more or less darkly, more or less brightly after much laborious seeking, that they cannot find in the present what coincides with the soul's seeking. Such souls are often touched by what the spiritual-scientific movement can give, and they say: Yes, here lives an impulse that is different from anywhere else, different from what comes from the life around me.
What do such souls feel, or what might they feel when they come into contact with what today we might call Theosophy? We must not believe that these seeking souls who find their way to spiritual science are the only ones who seek. They are chosen, or they choose themselves from a great multitude of seeking souls. Those who listen to what is spoken from the deepest need of our time will see that there are many souls who say: “We long for means to solve the great riddles of the world, and we cannot find that all that tradition has brought, all that modern science has to say, can solve these riddles.
Let us listen for a moment to what these souls, the best among them, have to say. They say something like the following, and in these words, which flow from hundreds of thousands of such searching souls, we encounter something like the yearning heart of our time: We look back into distant times and see how from century to century, from millennium to millennium, different ideas about God and nature have followed one another, how they have replaced one another and led to the struggle between their representatives. Much has come down to us. Millions of people profess such beliefs, adhere to them in sincere truthfulness, but just as many can no longer profess what has been handed down out of such a sense of truth. They feel compelled out of love for the truth to let go of the old views.
What was it like in the dim and distant past? There, for example, people looked at the river that went from the heights to the plains, saw the beneficial effect of this river and asked themselves: What speaks to us from the roar of this river? What is it that works in this river? And they found in it something that they also found in themselves. They found that it was based on a spiritual something, a divine being, and they found in the flowing stream a divine-spiritual power that rewarded, that gave man what he needed for his good. In the blowing of the wind, in the rolling of the thunder, in the flashing of the lightning, they found a spiritual activity similar to that which underlies the flowing of the stream, the rushing of the sea surf. They saw in it something of which they said: “The murmuring of the brook, the raging of the storm, is akin to what lives in my soul. They may speak differently, but there is something similar there, and I feel that I can understand it.
Those to whom Moses brought down the tablets of the law felt the same way. They felt that a being was speaking to them from them, infinitely greater than the father of a family, but still related to what spoke from the thunder and what spoke from the venerable head of the family. They felt the spirit. They sensed a living bond between what lived in them as pain and joy and the outside world. A bond that this man of the past could understand.
That is how the best speak. And if you go where serious science speaks, not trivial superficiality, you can hear the following: Our ancestors looked up to spiritual powers. They not only saw trickling water, blowing wind, and the fire of lightning. They also saw spiritual beings in these natural forces, gnomes, undines, sylphs, salamanders. However we may feel about these people, they found understanding among their contemporaries, those people who projected their beliefs into the outside world, from which they drew strength and stability.
And now the best of these seeking souls add: We can no longer believe in gnomes, undines, sylphs, salamanders, in spiritual beings of nature. For we have been taught that iron laws operate down to the smallest atom. And we must think of the outer world as a construction of it. We can no longer animate it as our ancestors did, we can no longer perform sacrificial ceremonies and cultic acts that send up our voices, we can no longer say when pain overwhelms us: take comfort, for life in the spiritual world will give you all the more comfort. — And a great number of people say: our whole world has become different. We no longer build on what was built on in the past. If, for example, a rusty iron had been driven into a person's arm in the past, they would have sought comfort in spiritual beings. Today we do better to go to the doctor and use external medicine. Today we treat with what lives in the soul what used to be treated with what lives in the soul.
It is countered: But we cannot be without faith in a spirit, we cannot do without it. A spirit rules in all laws, works in thunder as in the atom. And it takes only someone to be beyond the worst trivialities of materialism in order not to be able to close themselves off from this insight. When the word spirit is spoken by seeking souls, what is meant by that? What is spirit? Where does it have its roots? How does man come to have an idea of spirit?
A strange view is being propagated today. In America, people are talking about a new religion. This religion only wants to recognize a God who works in the laws of nature, right down to the atom. No one today can imagine a God who has a human form, says the representative of this doctrine, but we cannot do without a divine spirit. And so this personality comes up with a strange saying: the laws of chemistry are not enough. But where can we find the content for an idea of God? — And so we hear the following: We must think of the spirit that rules in the laws of nature as being endowed with the noblest qualities of the human soul. — So one is not willing to imagine a God who is endowed with human qualities, but one would still like to have something that gives this idea of God a content.
And here we have the result: We cannot help it, we cannot take the content of the idea of God from anywhere other than from within man. — And further, the representative of this world view points out that in earlier times divine beings were worshiped who were inspirers who filled man with their power and pushed him towards a task. Now, of course, we can no longer believe that there are supernatural entities that act as inspirers. But the future will worship advanced helpers, richer spirits who have something to give to the poorer ones.
You see, feelings will nevertheless be set up in place of the former, which cling to those who can give comfort. After every earthquake, for example, there will be those who give comfort to the many who have lost their loved ones. Human love will exist when there are no longer supersensory helpers.
Do you not see that there is a strange contradiction here too? We are supposed to look to those who give comfort. But where do they get from within their soul what they need to be able to give comfort and love? We find that the best people search, but that the soul must feel confronted with a void.
And what about science? Is comfort found there in what science has brought us? We want to fully acknowledge the beneficial effects of science, but there is one thing we must not forget. How much of the purely physical pain that man has had to endure since ancient times is alleviated? Humanity has certainly not become stronger and healthier since then. Of course, there are many remedies that provide relief. But attention must be called to a contradiction here. External science believes that nothing can be lost. For example, when rubbing, the force becomes effective as warmth. What disappears reappears as a different force. Anesthetic agents relieve pain, and people talk as if the pain has disappeared. Here there is a contradiction with that simple law. If the pain disappears, it still reappears in a different place. No matter how much external pain is alleviated, it turns into mental anguish. And man does not know that this is connected with the alleviation of external pain. This does not prevent us from doing what our insight suggests to alleviate external pain, but we must learn to recognize the connections and not indulge in illusions in the spiritual realm.
The seeking souls have no inkling that the human being, placed as he is today in the outer life, for example in the powerfully developing fields of industry and technology, can indeed be enraptured by what presents itself to his eyes. But those who look more deeply know: This intoxication, this enthusiasm, comes at a price. They know that souls are becoming more and more barren and desolate, feeling less and less the answer to the riddles of existence. Certainly we should bring into all areas what can alleviate external suffering, but we should not forget that even if we satisfy the outer physical body, we can leave the soul more and more starved, causing the soul more and more suffering through unfulfilled longing. This is the mood that overcomes those who not only look lovingly at the hustle and bustle of human life, but who also see the course that the future will take.
Much is said about the goals that man can set for himself. In the intoxication that overcomes his soul when the whirlpool of today's outer life takes hold of him, he does not realize that this soul must remain a searching one. And why? Let us place before our soul only the deepest background of all the contradictions in today's perception. If we cut our finger and heal it with the best means at our disposal, we know that the same natural laws prevail in it as in the surrounding world. We are formed out of the whole of nature, out of the laws that prevail around us. But at the same time, we feel the need to see something else in us. We see that spirit flashes from a person's eye, that spirit speaks from their hand, that spirit resounds from their voice. And in recognizing this, we also feel that we are still the bearers of the spirit. We feel that we have arisen out of our environment, but not out of it alone. What governs this environment? Physical laws, chemical laws, what are known today as ironclad laws of nature. That is not enough to explain the spirit. What physics, chemistry, biology give is not enough for that.
Where does that which can be addressed as spirit have its root? It is within us, in ourselves, but homeless, rootless. We can understand the chemical composition of blood, can grasp exactly the combustion process that takes place in us, and everything that is subject to physical and chemical laws in the external world. But as soon as we see the outer nature in a spiritless way, everything is rootless. We cannot say: just as blood is subject to the laws of blood circulation, so some spiritual substance follows the laws of the environment. A spirit cannot be found in it, says the seeking and erring soul of the present time. From there the answer to the questions that torment me cannot come. From where will it come to me?
Now we see where the problem lies. We see that our ideas about the external world are becoming increasingly clear. But now the human being wants to root himself with his spirit, with his soul, in something. The soul cannot help but want that. It cannot flee from itself into a barren physical-chemical existence. That is where the conflict arises. The soul has the need to imagine a spiritual being, but nowhere in the outer world can it find what corresponds to its present ideas about a spiritual being. This gives rise to a deep falsehood. Modern man cannot believe in sylphs, salamanders, undines and gnomes. But what could give him satisfaction is not available. The soul stands there without content.
The more deeply this is felt, the more untrue it becomes to speak only of spirit. Either one finds spirit, or one has to insert it artificially. It may seem to some that what has just been said is too far removed from daily feeling. But everywhere we will find souls whose pain stems from this. What spiritual science brings wants to meet this great quest. Its endeavour is to build a bridge between the soul itself and that which is outside, whether the soul listens to the raging of the storm or watches the lovely movements of the sea waves. Man is no longer able, on the basis of human qualities, to idealize gods that are active behind air and water. We have to refrain from seeing an anthropomorphic image of ourselves in what we call divine beings. That is the realization of today. But the other thing is the powerlessness of the seeking soul. From one side it is told: If you want to find a god, you must not endow it with human qualities. On the other hand, it turns out that we are not able to create a substitute for ourselves. Because these searching souls lack something that would justify this self-evident fact, they are at a loss. Where can they find the firm ground that gives them security?
This is only possible because man is again acquiring the right to research the spiritual, to look deeper into his inner being. What was once enough for man is now not enough. Spiritual science says to modern man: You have taken the wrong path. Are the qualities that man has found so far all there are? Is there no deeper substratum? Do we not find something hidden from view that we can say: Yes, this could be related to what I feel to be the divine?
There must be something that is more deeply rooted than anything that man has known about himself so far, that gives him the right to transfer human-soul qualities to the divine. But how to find the way to the hidden foundations within ourselves?
Here spiritual science points us to paths that only a few people have taken in the past. Today, many need guidance along these paths. There are two paths: firstly, the path of mysticism and, secondly, the path of occultism in the true sense of the word.
Let us consider these two paths. What is the path of mysticism? To understand this, we need only take a moment to consider our own souls. You all know that in spiritual science we speak of the fact that a person is not the same being in sleep as they are when awake. When falling asleep, the inner being of the person emerges, and when waking up, it descends again into the physical body and the etheric body. In general, people do not notice that something special is happening in the process. Do we ever see what descends from within? A tremendous change takes place in a person at that moment. When he descends, he does not see his etheric body and his physical body from within. Otherwise he would see that his corporeality is illusion and maya. As ordinary people, we see the environment and that part of ourselves that we can see from the outside. What works and lives in him, the human being sees nothing of that. He sees only the outside, which he also sees in stones and minerals. For his gaze is distracted to the outer world as soon as he descends into his lower bodies. Those who have striven for a conscious awakening were the mystics. They experienced a conscious descent into the outer man. All the images of the inner life known to the mystics are what the human being can see when he turns his gaze away from the outer world, from what otherwise captures his gaze. The mystic experiences what the human being is when he looks at himself from within. He does not see, for example, how the blood circulates, but he sees that the blood is the carrier of divine activity; he sees that the blood is a shadow of spiritual reality. That is what the mystic experiences: the spiritual motor of his own being instead of the external Maya.
What the mystics tell us is true. Listen to what they report: This descent is associated with what we call trials and temptations, the awakening of selfish instincts. Read the descriptions of what the soul is capable of unfolding in terms of base instincts. We have to go through a whole layer of passions, desires, selfish impulses that we hardly thought we were capable of anymore. All this must be overcome if we want to penetrate into the deep layers of our own being. It is wisely arranged that our gaze is initially diverted from our own inner being, because man is not mature enough to consciously descend into his own inner being. He must fight everything that rears up in him when he has embarked on the path of overcoming his own egoism. Only then does he find the true human being, who is concentrated in the smallest space, in the I-point. Only then are we completely within ourselves, recognizing ourselves in good and evil, seeing what the human being really is when he is beyond the layer formed by his instincts and desires, and when he has outgrown all that has been instilled in him by education and convention. We have to go through this layer if we want to penetrate into our inner selves.
There is yet another way to recognize the spirit and ourselves. It is not easy to enter and is protected from the immature, because it also contains its dangers. In addition to the important moment of waking up, there is also the moment of falling asleep, which is equally significant for the contemplation of the human being. Let us examine it more closely. At the moment of falling asleep, the human being passes into the spiritual world, into the world beyond physical reality. His consciousness ceases, it fades away. The normal person has no spiritual world around him in a conscious way. If he were to enter the spiritual world in an immature state, he would experience to the utmost degree what in the physical world is blindness. He would be blinded by the direct vision of the spiritual poured out through the outer world.
Again it is necessary to make man so strong that he will not be blinded by this spirit poured out through the outer world. This is done through the occult path. Through this path he finds his ego, not crowded together in the narrowest part of his own inner being, but poured out over the whole outer world, one with that outer world. That is the occult path.
When man learns to go both ways, the mystical path and the occult path, a significant fact comes to his attention. Let him seek out the point where he is most compressed, most crowded in his own interior, and let him be poured out over the whole outside world, then he experiences the one great, the mighty. What you experience when you descend into the depths of your own self and when you pour yourself into the infinite is the same: mysticism and occultism go in opposite directions and lead to the same goal. Man discovers something that has slumbered in him, that is enchanted in the outer world, that can be found in the depths of his own soul and outside in the world of appearances. He finds that which lives as spirit behind the phenomena, and he finds the spiritual in himself when he has connected with the mystical path of knowledge and with the occult path of knowledge. That is the bridge by which the abyss can be bridged, which the seeking soul of today faces when it realizes that it itself is something different from the world of appearances outside and cannot connect with its qualities to what surrounds it outside.
Today there is the possibility of finding a way that shows how what lives in us is the same as what lives in the outside world. The seeking souls who are outside of our aspirations do not yet know it. The spiritual science shows the way. The theosophical world view aims to be a signpost for this goal. It will provide answers to the questions posed by the bleeding, struggling souls of today. These questions will resound to the windows of the present, and spiritual science will provide the answer. This gives it its inner justification and shows that it has not arisen arbitrarily from a few minds, but from the needs of the time. Spiritual science will again indicate means and ways to find harmony between what lives in the environment and what lives in the human soul. It will lead us to recognize the laws governing nature not as empty abstractions, but as thoughts of divine spiritual entities. In this way, it will rediscover the spirit in the outer world. The fact that the soul cannot do this today is what accounts for its emptiness and desolation. It can only find consolation, help and strength by seeking the paths and goals of the spiritual human being. This shows how deeply justified this spiritual-scientific endeavour is.
If we understand spiritual science in its deepest sources, we will give the soul the nourishment it craves, we will open up sources of spiritual activity for it, and, because everything external is an expression of the spiritual, in the course of time also health. From the yearning and searching of today, spiritual science will be given its goals.