Greco-Christian stream·Opera Omnia Sancti Thomae (Complete Works of Thomas Aquinas)·Summa Theologiae·Secunda Secundae·Q24. The subject of charity
Source context
- Theme
- charity (caritas) as a habit inhering in the will, infused by divine grace and ordered toward God as its proper subject
- Soul-faculty
- Consciousness Soul
Steiner
not engaged in the GA corpus
Cross-tradition
- Neoplatonic eros-theology (Plotinus, Dionysius the Areopagite)The soul's oriented love toward the One as its proper object shows structural cross-tradition congruence with Aquinas's location of caritas in the will as a divinely infused movement toward God as highest good.
- Sufi maqam doctrine (al-Ghazali)Al-Ghazali's treatment of mahabbah (love of God) as a station that presupposes purification and divine gift parallels Aquinas's insistence that caritas is not acquired by natural effort but infused by the Holy Spirit.
Q24. The subject of charity
Article 1
[II-II.q.24.a.1.arg.1] It would seem that the will is not the subject of charity. For charity is a kind of love. Now, according to the Philosopher (Topic. ii, 3) love is in the concupiscible part. Therefore charity is also in the concupiscible and not in the will.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.arg.1] Ad primum sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod quilibet sacerdos subditum suum possit ab excommunicatione absolvere. Majus enim est vinculum peccati quam excommunicationis. Sed quilibet sacerdos potest suum subditum a peccato absolvere. Ergo multo fortius ab excommunicatione.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.arg.2] Further, charity is the foremost of the virtues, as stated above (Question 23, Article 6). But the reason is the subject of virtue. Therefore it seems that charity is in the reason and not in the will.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.arg.2] 2. Præterea, remota causa removetur effectus. Sed excommunicationis causa est peccatum mortale. Ergo cum possit quilibet sacerdos a peccato illo mortali absolvere, poterit ab excommunicatione similiter.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.arg.3] Further, charity extends to all human acts, according to 1 Corinthians 16:14: "Let all your things be done in charity." Now the principle of human acts is the free-will. Therefore it seems that charity is chiefly in the free-will as its subject and not in the will.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.arg.3] 3. Præterea, charitas se extendit ad omnes actus humanos, secundum illud I ad Cor., ult., 14: Omnia vestra in charitate fiant. Sed principium humanorum actuum est liberum arbitrium. Ergo videtur quod charitas maxime sit in libero arbitrio sicut in subjecto, et non in voluntate.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.sc] The object of charity is the good, which is also the object of the will. Therefore charity is in the will as its subject.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.sc] Sed contra, ejusdem potestatis est excommunicare, et excommunicatum absolvere. Sed sacerdotes inferiores non possunt suos subditos excommunicare. Ergo nec absolvere.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.co] Since, as stated in I, 80, 2, the appetite is twofold, namely the sensitive, and the intellective which is called the will, the object of each is the good, but in different ways: for the object of the sensitive appetite is a good apprehended by sense, whereas the object of the intellective appetite or will is good under the universal aspect of good, according as it can be apprehended by the intellect. Now the object of charity is not a sensible good, but the Divine good which is known by the intellect alone. Therefore the subject of charity is not the sensitive, but the intellective appetite, i.e. the will.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod a minori excommunicatione quilibet potest absolvere qui potest a peccato participationis absolvere. Si autem sit major, aut est lata a judice; et sic ille qui tulit, vel ejus superior potest absolvere: vel est lata a jure; et tunc episcopus, vel etiam sacerdos potest absolvere; exceptis sex casibus quos sibi juris conditor, scilicet Papa, reservavit: primus est quando aliquis injicit manus in clericum, vel in religiosum; secundus est de illo qui incendit ecclesiam, et est denuntiatus; tertius est de illo qui frangit ecclesiam et denuntiatus est; quartus est de illo qui in divinis communicat scienter excommunicatis nominaliter a Papa; quintus de illo qui falsificat litteras Sedis apostolicæ: sextus de illo qui excommunicatis in crimine communicat; non enim debet absolvi nisi ab eo qui excommunicavit etiamsi non sit ejus subditus; nisi propter difficultatem accedendi ad ipsum absolveretur ab episcopo, vel a sacerdote proprio, præstita juratoria cautione quod parebit mandato illius judicis qui sententiam tulit. A primo autem casu octo excipiuntur: primus est in articulo mortis, in quo a qualibet excommunicatione potest quis a quolibet sacerdote absolvi; secundus, si sit ostiarius alicujus potentis, et non ex odio, vel proposito percussit; tertius, si percutiens sit mulier; quartus, si sit servus, et dominus laederetur de ejus absentia, qui non est in culpa; quintus, si regularis regularem percutiat, nisi sit enormis excessus: sextus si sit pauper; septimus si sit impubes, vel senex, vel valetudinarius; octavus, si habeat inimicitias capitales. Sunt etiam allii septem casus, in quibus percutiens clericum excommunicationem non incurrit: primo, si causa disciplinæ, ut magister, vel prælatus, percusserit; secundo, si jocosa levitate; tertio, si invenerit eum turpiter Non sic omnes canonistæ. Dicit enim Bartholomæus Pisanus: « Quid de muliere quæ percutit sacerdotem impetentem eam de turpitudine? Respondeo secundum Villielmum, S. Raymundi scilicet glossatorem: Si solis verbis eam impetit incidit in canonem. Si autem tangit invitam et illa se defendens cum moderamine in culpatæ tutelæ eum percutiat, non credo quod incidat. Securius tamen est quod se faciat absolvi ad cautelam. Vel per se, vel per alium dummodo non per laicum percussio fiat. Si autem non causa disciplinæ percussio fiat, tam verberans quam praecipiens excommunicationem incurrit. Etiam graviter, si cum jocosa levitate. agentem cum uxore, vel matre, vel sorore, vel filia; quarto, si statim vim vi repellat; quinto, si ignoret eum esse clericum: sexto, si inveniat eum in apostasia, post trinam admonitionem; septimo, si transferat se clericus ad actum penitus contrarium, ut si fiat miles, vel ad bigamiam transeat.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.ad.1] The concupiscible is a part of the sensitive, not of the intellective appetite, as proved in I, 81, 2: wherefore the love which is in the concupiscible, is the love of sensible good: nor can the concupiscible reach to the Divine good which is an intelligible good; the will alone can. Consequently the concupiscible cannot be the subject of charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod quamvis vinculum peccati sit majus simpliciter quam excommunicationis; tamen quoad aliquid vinculum excommunicationis est majus, inquantum non solum obligat quoad Deum, sed etiam in facie Ecclesiæ. Et ideo in absolvendo ab excommunicatione requiritur jurisdictio in exteriori foro, non autem in absolutione a peccato: nec exigitur cautio juramenti, sicut exigitur in absolutione ab excommunicatione; per juramentum enim controversiæ quæ sunt inter homines terminantur, secundum Apostolum.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.ad.2] According to the Philosopher (De Anima iii, 9), the will also is in the reason: wherefore charity is not excluded from the reason through being in the will. Yet charity is regulated, not by the reason, as human virtues are, but by God's wisdom, and transcends the rule of human reason, according to Ephesians 3:19: "The charity of Christ, which surpasseth all knowledge." Hence it is not in the reason, either as its subject, like prudence is, or as its rule, like justice and temperance are, but only by a certain kinship of the will to the reason.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod cum excommunicatus non sit particeps sacramentorum Ecclesiæ, sacerdos non potest absolvere excommunicatum a culpa, nisi sit prius absolutus ab excommunicatione.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.ad.3] As stated in I, 83, 4, the free-will is not a distinct power from the will. Yet charity is not in the will considered as free-will, the act of which is to choose. For choice is of things directed to the end, whereas the will is of the end itself (Ethic. iii, 2). Hence charity, whose object is the last end, should be described as residing in the will rather than in the free-will.
[II-II.q.24.a.1.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod liberum arbitrium non est alia potentia a voluntate, ut in I dictum est. Et tamen charitas non est in voluntate secundum rationem liberi arbitrii, cujus actus est eligere. Electio enim est eorum quæ sunt ad finem. Voluntas autem est ipsius finis, ut dicitur in III Ethic., c. II, circa med. Unde charitas cujus objectum est finis ultimus, magis debet dici esse in voluntate quam in libero arbitrio.
Article 2
[II-II.q.24.a.2.arg.1] It would seem that charity is not caused in us by infusion. For that which is common to all creatures, is in man naturally. Now, according to Dionysius (Div. Nom. iv), the "Divine good", which is the object of charity, "is for all an object of dilection and love." Therefore charity is in us naturally, and not by infusion.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.arg.1] Ad secundum sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod nullus possit absolvi invitus. Spiritualia enim non conferuntur alicui invito. Sed absolutio ab excommunicatione est beneficium spirituale. Ergo non potest præstari invito.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.arg.2] Further, the more lovable a thing is the easier it is to love it. Now God is supremely lovable, since He is supremely good. Therefore it is easier to love Him than other things. But we need no infused habit in order to love other things. Neither, therefore, do we need one in order to love God.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.arg.2] 2. Præterea, excommunicationis causa est contumacia. Sed quando aliquis non vult absolvi, excommunicationem contemnens, tunc est maxime contumax. Ergo non potest absolvi.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.arg.3] Further, the Apostle says (1 Timothy 1:5): "The end of the commandment is charity from a pure heart, and a good conscience, and an unfeigned faith." Now these three have reference to human acts. Therefore charity is caused in us from preceding acts, and not from infusion.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.arg.3] 3. Præterea, hoc ab æterno prædestinatur quod est aliquando fiendum in tempore. Sed magis hæc est vera: Filius Dei factus est homo, quam ista: Homo factus est Filius Dei, ut supra habitum est. Ergo magis hæc est vera: Christus secundum quod est Filius Dei prædestinatus est esse homo, quam e converso: Christus, secundum quod est homo, est prædestinatus esse Filius Dei.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.sc] The Apostle says (Romans 5:5): "The charity of God is poured forth in our hearts by the Holy Ghost, Who is given to us."
[II-II.q.24.a.2.sc] Sed contra, excommunicatio contra Etiamsi, quamvis hoc non liceat, clericum tunc mutilaverit vel occiderit. V. g. aliquis in minoribus constitutus ad aliam vitam in sæculo se transfert. Nota tamen quod exigitur alia vita contraria. Unde, quoad matrimonium, absque bigamia clericus in minoribus constitutus suo jure in hoc puncto non voluntatem alicui potest inferri. Sed quæ contra voluntatem eveniunt, etiam contra voluntatem amoveri possunt, sicut patet de bonis fortunæ. Ergo excommunicatio potest tolli ab aliquo invito.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.co] As stated above (Question 23, Article 1), charity is a friendship of man for God, founded upon the fellowship of everlasting happiness. Now this fellowship is in respect, not of natural, but of gratuitous gifts, for, according to Romans 6:23, "the grace of God is life everlasting": wherefore charity itself surpasses our natural facilities. Now that which surpasses the faculty of nature, cannot be natural or acquired by the natural powers, since a natural effect does not transcend its cause.
Therefore charity can be in us neither naturally, nor through acquisition by the natural powers, but by the infusion of the Holy Ghost, Who is the love of the Father and the Son, and the participation of Whom in us is created charity, as stated above (Question 23, Article 2).
[II-II.q.24.a.2.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod malum culpæ et pœnæ in hoc differunt quod culpæ principium est in nobis, quia omne peccatum voluntarium est, pœnæ autem principium quandoque extra nos est: non enim requiritur ad pœnam quod sit voluntaria: imo magis de ratione pœnæ est contra voluntatem esse. Et ideo sicut peccata non committuntur nisi voluntate, ita non remittuntur alicui invito. Sed excommunicatio sicut in aliquem invitum ferri potest, ita etiam invitus ab ea absolvi poterit.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.ad.1] Dionysius is speaking of the love of God, which is founded on the fellowship of natural goods, wherefore it is in all naturally. On the other hand, charity is founded on a supernatural fellowship, so the comparison fails.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod propositio habet veritatem de illis bonis spiritualibus quæ in voluntate nostra consistunt, sicut sunt virtutes quæ non possunt a nolentibus perdi: scientia enim, quamvis sit spirituale bonum, tamen potest a nolente per infirmitatem amitti. Et ideo ratio non est ad propositum.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.ad.2] Just as God is supremely knowable in Himself yet not to us, on account of a defect in our knowledge which depends on sensible things, so too, God is supremely lovable in Himself, in as much as He is the object of happiness. But He is not supremely lovable to us in this way, on account of the inclination of our appetite towards visible goods. Hence it is evident that for us to love God above all things in this way, it is necessary that charity be infused into our hearts.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod etiam manente contumacia, potest aliquis discrete excommunicationem juste latam remittere, si videat saluti illius expedire in cujus medicinam excommunicatio lata est.
[II-II.q.24.a.2.ad.3] When it is said that in us charity proceeds from "a pure heart, and a good conscience, and an unfeigned faith," this must be referred to the act of charity which is aroused by these things. Or again, this is said because the aforesaid acts dispose man to receive the infusion of charity. The same remark applies to the saying of Augustine (Tract. ix in prim. canon. Joan.): "Fear leads to charity," and of a gloss on Matthew 1:2: "Faith begets hope, and hope charity."
[II-II.q.24.a.2.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod sicut Augustinus dicit in lib. De prædest. sanct., loc. sup. cit., «ipsa est illa ineffabiliter facta hominis a Deo Verbo susceptio singularis, ut Filius Dei et hominis simul, filius hominis propter susceptum hominem, et Filius Dei propter suscipientem unigenitum Deum veraciter et proprie diceretur.» Et ideo quia illa susceptio sub prædestinatione cadit, tamquam gratuita, utrumque potest dici; scilicet quod et Filius Dei prædestinatus sit esse homo, Filius hominis prædestinatus sit esse Filius Dei. Quia tamen gratia non est facta Filio Dei ut esset homo, sed potius humanæ naturæ ut Filio Dei uniretur; magis proprie potest dici quod Christus, secundum quod homo, est prædestinatus esse Filius Dei, quam quod Christus secundum quod Filius Dei, sit prædestinatus esse homo.
Article 3
[II-II.q.24.a.3.arg.1] It would seem that charity is infused according to the capacity of our natural gifts. For it is written (Matthew 25:15) that "He gave to every one according to his own virtue [Douay: 'proper ability']." Now, in man, none but natural virtue precedes charity, since there is no virtue without charity, as stated above (Question 23, Article 7). Therefore God infuses charity into man according to the measure of his natural virtue.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.arg.1] Ad tertium sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod aliquis non possit absolvi ab una excommunicatione, nisi absolvatur ab omnibus. Effectus enim debet proportionari suæ causæ. Sed causa excommunicationis est peccatum. Cum ergo aliquis non possit absolvi ab uno peccato, privatur. Militia autem vocatur vita contraria quia specialiter clericis interdicitur. Juxta Raymundum, si clericus volens alicui satisfacere sponte se verberibus subjiceret, deberet excommunicari, et verberans esset excommunicatus. nisi absolvatur ab omnibus, nec in excommunicatione hoc esse poterit.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.arg.2] Further, among things ordained towards one another, the second is proportionate to the first: thus we find in natural things that the form is proportionate to the matter, and in gratuitous gifts, that glory is proportionate to grace. Now, since charity is a perfection of nature, it is compared to the capacity of nature as second to first. Therefore it seems that charity is infused according to the capacity of nature.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.arg.2] 2. Præterea, excommunicationis absolutio in Ecclesia fit. Sed ille qui una excommunicatione est irretitus extra Ecclesiam est. Ergo quamdiu una manet, ab alia absolvi non potest.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.arg.3] Further, men and angels partake of happiness according to the same measure, since happiness is alike in both, according to Matthew 22:30 and Luke 20:36. Now charity and other gratuitous gifts are bestowed on the angels, according to their natural capacity, as the Master teaches (Sent. ii, D, 3). Therefore the same apparently applies to man.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.arg.3] 3. Præterea, exemplar est conforme exemplato. Sed alterius rationis videtur esse prædestinatio Christi quam prædestinatio nostra: quia nos prædestinamur in filios adoptionis; Christus autem est prædestinatus Filius Dei in virtute, ut dicitur Rom., I, 4. Ergo ejus prædestinatio non est exemplar nostræ prædestinationis.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.sc] It is written (John 3:8): "The Spirit breatheth where He will," and (1 Corinthians 12:11): "All these things one and the same Spirit worketh, dividing to every one according as He will." Therefore charity is given, not according to our natural capacity, but according as the Spirit wills to distribute His gifts.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.sc] Sed contra, excommunicatio quædam pœna est. Sed ab una pœna aliquis liberatur, alia remanente. Ergo ab una excommunicatione, alia remanente, aliquis absolvi potest.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.co] The quantity of a thing depends on the proper cause of that thing, since the more universal cause produces a greater effect. Now, since charity surpasses the proportion of human nature, as stated above (Article 2) it depends, not on any natural virtue, but on the sole grace of the Holy Ghost Who infuses charity. Wherefore the quantity of charity depends neither on the condition of nature nor on the capacity of natural virtue, but only on the will of the Holy Ghost Who "divides" His gifts "according as He will." Hence the Apostle says (Ephesians 4:7): "To every one of us is given grace according to the measure of the giving of Christ."
[II-II.q.24.a.3.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod excommunicationes non habent connexionem in aliquo: et ideo possibile est quod aliquis ab una absolvatur, et in altera remaneat. Sed circa hoc sciendum est quod aliquis quando est excommunicatus pluribus excommunicationibus ab uno judice: et tunc quando absolvitur ab una, intelligitur ab omnibus absolvi, nisi contrarium exprimatur; vel nisi cum quis absolutionem impetrat de una tantum causa excommunicationis, cum pro pluribus excommunicatus sit. Quandoque autem est excommunicatus pluribus excommunicationibus a diversis judicibus: et tunc absolutus ab una excommunicatione, non propter hoc est absolutus ab altera; nisi omnes alii ad petitionem ejus absolutionem ipsius confirmaverint, vel nisi omnes demandent uni absolutionem.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.ad.1] The virtue in accordance with which God gives His gifts to each one, is a disposition or previous preparation or effort of the one who receives grace. But the Holy Ghost forestalls even this disposition or effort, by moving man's mind either more or less, according as He will. Wherefore the Apostle says (Colossians 1:12): "Who hath made us worthy to be partakers of the lot of the saints in light."
[II-II.q.24.a.3.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod omnia peccata habent connexionem in aversione voluntatis a Deo, cum qua non potest esse peccatorum remissio: et ideo unum peccatum sine altero remitti non potest. Sed excommunicationes non habent aliquam talem connexionem. Nec iterum absolutio ab excommunicatione impeditur propter voluntatis contrarietatem, ut dictum est. Et ideo ratio non sequitur.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.ad.2] The form does not surpass the proportion of the matter. On like manner grace and glory are referred to the same genus, for grace is nothing else than a beginning of glory in us. But charity and nature do not belong to the same genus, so that the comparison fails.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod sicut pluribus de causis erat aliquis extra Ecclesiam, ita possibile est quod ista separatio removeatur quantum ad unam causam, et maneat quantum ad alteram.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.ad.3] The angel's is an intellectual nature, and it is consistent with his condition that he should be borne wholly whithersoever he is borne, as stated in I, 61, 6. Hence there was a greater effort in the higher angels, both for good in those who persevered, and for evil in those who fell, and consequently those of the higher angels who remained steadfast became better than the others, and those who fell became worse. But man's is a rational nature, with which it is consistent to be sometimes in potentiality and sometimes in act: so that it is not necessarily borne wholly whithersoever it is borne, and where there are greater natural gifts there may be less effort, and vice versa. Thus the comparison fails.
[II-II.q.24.a.3.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod non est necessarium quod exemplatum exemplari quantum ad omnia conformetur; sed sufficit quod exemplatum aliqualiter imitetur suum exemplar.
Article 4
[II-II.q.24.a.4.arg.1] It would seem that charity cannot increase. For nothing increases save what has quantity. Now quantity is twofold, namely dimensive and virtual. The former does not befit charity which is a spiritual perfection, while virtual quantity regards the objects in respect of which charity does not increase, since the slightest charity loves all that is to be loved out of charity. Therefore charity does not increase.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.arg.1] Ad quartum sic proceditur. 4. Videtur quod prædestinatio Christi non sit causa nostræ prædestinationis. Æternum enim non habet causam. Sed prædestinatio nostra est æterna. Ergo prædestinatio Christi non est causa nostræ prædestinationis.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.arg.2] Further, that which consists in something extreme receives no increase. But charity consists in something extreme, being the greatest of the virtues, and the supreme love of the greatest good. Therefore charity cannot increase.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.arg.2] 2. Præterea, illud quod dependet ex simplici Dei voluntate, non habet aliam causam nisi Dei voluntatem. Sed prædestinatio nostra ex simplici Dei dependet; dicitur enim Ephes., I, 2: Prædestinati secundum propositum ejus qui operatur omnia secundum consilium voluntatis suæ. Ergo prædestinatio Christi non est causa nostræ prædestinationis.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.arg.3] Further, increase is a kind of movement. Therefore wherever there is increase there is movement, and if there be increase of essence there is movement of essence. Now there is no movement of essence save either by corruption or generation. Therefore charity cannot increase essentially, unless it happen to be generated anew or corrupted, which is unreasonable.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.arg.3] 3. Præterea, remota causa, removetur effectus. Sed remota prædestinatione Christi, non removetur nostra prædestinatio: quia etiamsi Filius Dei non incarnaretur, erat alius modus possibilis nostræ salutis, ut Augustinus dicit in lib. XIII De Trinit., cap. x, col. 1024, t. 8. Prædestinatio ergo Christi non est causa nostræ prædestinationis.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.sc] Augustine says (Tract. lxxiv in Joan.) [Cf. Ep. clxxxv.] that "charity merits increase that by increase it may merit perfection."
[II-II.q.24.a.4.sc] Sed contra est quod dicitur Ephes., i, 5: Prædestinavit nos in adoptionem filiorum per Jesum Christum.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.co] The charity of a wayfarer can increase. For we are called wayfarers by reason of our being on the way to God, Who is the last end of our happiness. On this way we advance as we get nigh to God, Who is approached, "not by steps of the body but by the affections of the soul" [St. Augustine, Tract. in Joan. xxxii]: and this approach is the result of charity, since it unites man's mind to God. Consequently it is essential to the charity of a wayfarer that it can increase, for if it could not, all further advance along the way would cease. Hence the Apostle calls charity the way, when he says (1 Corinthians 12:31): "I show unto you yet a more excellent way."
[II-II.q.24.a.4.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod si consideretur prædestinatio secundum ipsum prædestinationis actum, prædestinatio Christi non est causa nostræ prædestinationis, cum uno et eodem actu Deus prædestinaverit Christum et nos. Si autem consideretur prædestinatio secundum terminum prædestinationis, sic prædestinatio Christi est causa nostræ prædestinationis. Sic enim Deus præordinavit nostram salutem, ab æterno prædestinando, ut per Jesum Christum compleretur. Sub prædestinatione enim æterna non solum cadit id quod est fiendum in tempore, sed etiam modus et ordo secundum quem est complendum in tempore. Ad primum ergo et secundum dicendum, quod rationes illæ procedunt de prædestinatione secundum prædestinationis actum.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.ad.1] Charity is not subject to dimensive, but only to virtual quantity: and the latter depends not only on the number of objects, namely whether they be in greater number or of greater excellence, but also on the intensity of the act, namely whether a thing is loved more, or less; it is in this way that the virtual quantity of charity increases.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod charitati non convenit quantitas dimensiva, sed solum quantitas virtualis, quæ non solum attenditur secundum numerum objectorum, ut scilicet plura vel pauciora diligantur, sed etiam secundum intensionem actus, ut magis vel minus aliquid diligatur; et hoc modo virtualis quantitas charitatis augetur.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.ad.2] Charity consists in an extreme with regard to its object, in so far as its object is the Supreme Good, and from this it follows that charity is the most excellent of the virtues. Yet not every charity consists in an extreme, as regards the intensity of the act.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod charitas est in summo ex parte objecti, inquantum scilicet ejus objectum est summum bonum, et ex hoc sequitur quod ipsa sit excellentior aliis virtutibus. Sed non omnis charitas est in summo quantum ad intensionem actus.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.ad.3] Some have said that charity does not increase in its essence, but only as to its radication in its subject, or according to its fervor.
But these people did not know what they were talking about. For since charity is an accident, its being is to be in something. So that an essential increase of charity means nothing else but that it is yet more in its subject, which implies a greater radication in its subject. Furthermore, charity is essentially a virtue ordained to act, so that an essential increase of charity implies ability to produce an act of more fervent love. Hence charity increases essentially, not by beginning anew, or ceasing to be in its subject, as the objection imagines, but by beginning to be more and more in its subject.
[II-II.q.24.a.4.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod si Christus non fuisset incarnandus, Deus præordinasset homines salvari per aliam causam. Sed quia præordinavit Incarnationem Christi, simul cum hoc præordinavit ut esset nostræ salutis causa.
Article 5
[II-II.q.24.a.5.arg.1] It would seem that charity increases by addition. For just as increase may be in respect of bodily quantity, so may it be according to virtual quantity. Now increase in bodily quantity results from addition; for the Philosopher says (De Gener. i, 5) that "increase is addition to pre-existing magnitude." Therefore the increase of charity which is according to virtual quantity is by addition.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.arg.1] Ad quintum sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod charitas augeatur per additionem. Sicut enim est augmentum secundum quantitatem corporalem, ita secundum quantitatem virtualem. Sed augmentum quantitatis corporalis fit per additionem; dicit enim Philosophus in I De generatione, text. 31, quod « augmentum est præexistenti magnitudini additamentum. » Ergo etiam augmentum charitatis quod est secundum virtualem quantitatem, erit per additionem.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.arg.2] Further, charity is a kind of spiritual light in the soul, according to 1 John 2:10: "He that loveth his brother abideth in the light." Now light increases in the air by addition; thus the light in a house increases when another candle is lit. Therefore charity also increases in the soul by addition.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.arg.2] 2. Præterea, charitas in anima est quod-dam spirituale lumen, secundum illud I Joan., ii, 10: Qui diligit fratrem suum, in lumine manet. Sed lumen crescit in aere per additionem, sicut in domo lumen crescit, alia candela superaccensa. Ergo etiam charitas crescit in anima per additionem.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.arg.3] Further, the increase of charity is God's work, even as the causing of it, according to 2 Corinthians 9:10: "He will increase the growth of the fruits of your justice." Now when God first infuses charity, He puts something in the soul that was not there before. Therefore also, when He increases charity, He puts something there which was not there before. Therefore charity increases by addition.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.arg.3] 3. Præterea, augere charitatem ad Deum pertinet, sicut et ipsam causare, secundum illud II ad Corinth., ix, 10, Augebit incrementa frugum justitiæ vestræ. Sed Deus primo infundendo charitatem aliquid facit in anima quod ibi prius non erat. Ergo etiam augendo charitatem aliquid ibi facit quod prius non erat. Ergo charitas augetur per additionem.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.sc] Charity is a simple form. Now nothing greater results from the addition of one simple thing to another, as proved in Phys. iii, text. 59, and Metaph. ii, 4. Therefore charity does not increase by addition.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.sc] Sed contra est quod charitas est forma simplex. Simplex autem additum simplici non facit aliquid majus, ut probatur in III Physic., text. 59, et III Metaph., text. 46. perfectos, ne ab itineris nondum finiti intentione cessantes, ibi incidant in deficiendi periculum, ubi proficiendi deposuerint appetitum. Prosper, Sent. cii: « In hac vita quæ tota tentatio est, etiam in sublimissimis sanctis non aprehenditur illa perfectio, cum non supersit ascensio. Vide etiam Hieronymum, lib. II Contra Jovinia-num, cap. xviii; Athanasium in Vita sancti Antonii; S. Gregorium, Homil. xv in Ezechielem. Idem habent alii patres. Notandum tamen quod aliquo modo charitas viæ dici potest perfecta, ut infra dicetur, non quidem ex parte diligibilis, sed ex parte diligentis. Diligibile Deus est infinite diligibilis quia infinite bonus; unde ad hunc modum nulla creaturæ charitas potest esse perfecta. Sed charitas diligentis potest esse perfecta in via, si homo studium suum deputet ad vacandum Deo rebusque divinis, prætermissis aliis, nisi quantum necessitas præsentis vitæ requirit, vel si homo habitualiter totum cor suum ponat in Deo, ita scilicet quod nihil cogitet, Ergo charitas non augetur per additionem.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.co] Every addition is of something to something else: so that in every addition we must at least presuppose that the things added together are distinct before the addition. Consequently if charity be added to charity, the added charity must be presupposed as distinct from charity to which it is added, not necessarily by a distinction of reality, but at least by a distinction of thought. For God is able to increase a bodily quantity by adding a magnitude which did not exist before, but was created at that very moment; which magnitude, though not pre-existent in reality, is nevertheless capable of being distinguished from the quantity to which it is added. Wherefore if charity be added to charity we must presuppose the distinction, at least logical, of the one charity from the other.
Now distinction among forms is twofold: specific and numeric. Specific distinction of habits follows diversity of objects, while numeric distinction follows distinction of subjects. Consequently a habit may receive increase through extending to objects to which it did not extend before: thus the science of geometry increases in one who acquires knowledge of geometrical matters which he ignored hitherto. But this cannot be said of charity, for even the slightest charity extends to all that we have to love by charity. Hence the addition which causes an increase of charity cannot be understood, as though the added charity were presupposed to be distinct specifically from that to which it is added.
It follows therefore that if charity be added to charity, we must presuppose a numerical distinction between them, which follows a distinction of subjects: thus whiteness receives an increase when one white thing is added to another, although such an increase does not make a thing whiter. This, however, does not apply to the case in point, since the subject of charity is none other than the rational mind, so that such like an increase of charity could only take place by one rational mind being added to another; which is impossible. Moreover, even if it were possible, the result would be a greater lover, but not a more loving one. It follows, therefore, that charity can by no means increase by addition of charity to charity, as some have held to be the case.
Accordingly charity increases only by its subject partaking of charity more and more subject thereto. For this is the proper mode of increase in a form that is intensified, since the being of such a form consists wholly in its adhering to its subject. Consequently, since the magnitude of a thing follows on its being, to say that a form is greater is the same as to say that it is more in its subject, and not that another form is added to it: for this would be the case if the form, of itself, had any quantity, and not in comparison with its subject. Therefore charity increases by being intensified in its subject, and this is for charity to increase in its essence; and not by charity being added to charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod omnis additio est alicujus ad aliquid. Unde in omni additione oportet saltem præintelligere distinctionem eorum quorum unum additur alteri ante ipsam additionem. Si ergo charitas addatur charitati, oportet præsupponi charitatem additam, ut distinctam a charitate cui additur, non quidem ex necessitate secundum esse, sed saltem secundum intellectum. Posset enim Deus etiam quantitatem corporalem augere, addendo aliquam magnitudinem non prius existentem, sed tunc creatam; quæ quamvis prius non fuerit in rerum natura, habet tamen in se unde ejus distinctio intelligi possit a quantitate cui additur. Si ergo charitas addatur charitati, oportet præsupponere, ad minus secundum intellectum, distinctionem unius charitatis ab alia. Distinctio autem in formis est duplex: una quidem secundum speciem; alia autem secundum numerum. Distinctio quidem secundum speciem in habitibus est secundum objectorum diversitatem; distinctio vero secundum numerum est secundum diversitatem subjecti. Potest ergo contingere quod aliquis habitus per additionem augeatur, dum extenditur ad quædam objecta ad quæ prius se non extendebat; et sic augetur scientia geometriæ in eo qui de novo incipit scire aliqua geometricalia quæ prius nesciebat. Hoc autem non potest dici de charitate; quia etiam minima charitas se extendit ad omnia illa quæ sunt ex charitate diligenda. Non ergo talis additio in augvel velit quod divinæ dilectioni sit contrarium. Homo autem non potest in hac vita totum cor suum actualiter ferre semper in Deum. Sed hæc est perfectio charitatis patriæ. Notandum præterea quod aliquo sensu dicere licet charitatem viæ sic posse augeri ut adæquet, aut etiam superet charitatem patriæ, non in uno et eodem homine, sed in uno homine vitam sanctam et immaculatam in terris agente per comparationem ad quemdam beatorum. Charitas, v. g., B. V. Mariæ, dum adhuc e vivis non excesserat, non modo cujuscumque nunc beatorum charitatem adæquabat, sed etiam dubio procul superabat. Et inde conclusas nullius puri hominis charitatem in via, quamvis sine termino possit augeri, adæquare posse charitatem B. V. Mariæ. Nemo etenim in charitate viæ progreditur ultra terminum ad quem prædestinatus est a Deo, et nemo prædestinatus est ad illum gradum charitatis qui B. V. Mariæ convenit. mento charitatis potest intelligi, præsupposita distinctione secundum speciem charitatis additæ ad eam cui additur. Relinquitur ergo quod si fiat additio charitatis ad charitatem, hoc fiat præsupposita distinctione secundum numerum, quæ est secundum diversitatem subjectorum, sicut albedo augetur per hoc quod album additur albo, quamvis hoc augmento non fiat aliquid magis album. Sed hoc in proposito dici non potest; quia subjectum charitatis non est nisi mens rationalis. Unde tale charitatis augmentum fieri non posset, nisi per hoc quod una mens rationalis alteri adderetur; quod est impossibile. Quamvis etiam si esset possibile, tale augmentum faceret majorem diligentem, non autem magis diligentem. Relinquitur ergo quod nullo modo charitas augeri potest per additionem charitatis ad charitatem, sicut qui dam ponunt. Sic ergo charitas augetur solum per hoc quod subjectum magis ac magis participat charitatem, id est secundum quod magis reducitur in actum illius, ac magis subditur illi. Hic enim est augmenti modus proprius cujuslibet formæ quæ intenditur, eo quod esse hujus formæ totaliter consistit in eo quod inhæret susceptibili. Et ideo cum magnitudo rei consequatur esse ipsius, formam esse majorem, hoc est eam magis inesse susceptibili, non autem aliam formam advenire. Hoc enim esset, si forma haberet aliquam quantitatem ex seipsa, non per comparationem ad subjectum. Sic ergo et charitas augetur per hoc quod intenditur in subjecto; et hoc est ipsam augeri secundum essentiam; non autem per hoc quod charitas addatur charitati.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.ad.1] Bodily quantity has something as quantity, and something else, in so far as it is an accidental form. As quantity, it is distinguishable in respect of position or number, and in this way we have the increase of magnitude by addition, as may be seen in animals. But in so far as it is an accidental form, it is distinguishable only in respect of its subject, and in this way it has its proper increase, like other accidental forms, by way of intensity in its subject, for instance in things subject to rarefaction, as is proved in Phys. iv, 9. On like manner science, as a habit, has its quantity from its objects, and accordingly it increases by addition, when a man knows more things; and again, as an accidental form, it has a certain quantity through being in its subject, and in this way it increase in a man who knows the same scientific truths with greater certainty now than before. On the same way charity has a twofold quantity; but with regard to that which it has from its object, it does not increase, as stated above: hence it follows that it increases solely by being intensified.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod quantitas corporalis habet aliquid, inquantum est quantitas, et aliquid, inquantum est forma accidentalis. Inquantum est quantitas, habet quod sit distinguibilis secundum situm, vel secundum numerum; et ideo hoc modo consideratur augmentum magnitudinis per additionem, ut patet in animalibus. Inquantum vero est forma accidentalis, est distinguibilis solum secundum subjectum; et secundum hoc habet proprium augmentum, sicut et aliæ formæ accidentales, per modum intensionis ejus in subjecto; sicut patet in his quæ rarefiunt, ut probatur in IV Physic., text. 80 et seq. Et similiter etiam scientia habet quantitatem, inquantum est habitus, ex parte objectorum; et sic augetur per additionem, inquantum aliquis plura cognoscit; habet etiam quantitatem, inquantum est quædam forma accidentalis, ex eo quod inest subjecto; et secundum hoc augetur in eo qui certius eadem scibilia cognoscit nunc quam prius. Similiter etiam et charitas habet duplicem quantitatem; sed secundum eam quæ est ex parte objecti, non augetur, ut dictum est. Unde relinquitur quod per solam intensionem augeatur.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.ad.2] The addition of light to light can be understood through the light being intensified in the air on account of there being several luminaries giving light: but this distinction does not apply to the case in point, since there is but one luminary shedding forth the light of charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum; quod additio luminis ad lumen potest intelligi in aere propter diversitatem luminarium causantium lumen; sed talis distinctio non habet locum in proposito, quia non est nisi unum luminare influens lumen charitatis.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.ad.3] The infusion of charity denotes a change to the state of "having" charity from the state of "not having it," so that something must needs come which was not there before. On the other hand, the increase of charity denotes a change to "more having" from "less having," so that there is need, not for anything to be there that was not there before, but for something to be more there that previously was less there. This is what God does when He increases charity, that is He makes it to have a greater hold on the soul, and the likeness of the Holy Ghost to be more perfectly participated by the soul.
[II-II.q.24.a.5.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod infusio charitatis importat quamdam mutationem secundum « habere charitatem, et non habere; » et ideo oportet quod aliquid adveniat quod prius non infuit. Sed augmentatio charitatis importat mutationem secundum « magis aut minus habere, » et ideo non oportet quod aliquid insit quod prius non infuerit, sed quod magis insit quod prius minus inerat. Et hoc est quod facit Deus, charitatem augendo, scilicet quod magis insit, et quod perfectius similitudo Spiritus sancti participetur in anima.
Article 6
[II-II.q.24.a.6.arg.1] It would seem that charity increases through every act of charity. For that which can do what is more, can do what is less. But every act of charity can merit everlasting life; and this is more than a simple addition of charity, since it includes the perfection of charity. Much more, therefore, does every act of charity increase charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.arg.1] Ad sextum sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod quolibet actu charitatis charitas augeatur. Quod enim potest id quod majus est, potest id quod minus est. Sed quilibet actus charitatis potest mereri vitam æternam, quæ majus est quam simplex charitatis augmen-non, non potest augere charitatem in ratione charitatis, cum nihil augeat charitatem in ratione charitatis, nisi charitas, sicut nihil auget calorem in ratione caloris, nisi calor. III. Præterea, potest Deus ponere totam charitatem Petri ad sex extra subjectum, cum ita ponat totam albedinem panis in Eucharistia; hoc posito, vel charitas Petri separata est adhuc intensa ad sex, vel non: si sic, ergo habetur intensio independenter a majori radicatione in subjecto; si non, ergo non potest ponere totam charitatem Petri extra subjectum. V. Omnis qui nihil etiam de philosophia audi-vit, interrogatus quomodo calor augeatur in manu, est responsurus: per accessum novi ad priorem, sicut augetur aqua per novam advenientem. Atqui idem est de charitate in anima. Ergo sententia nostra est sensui communi conformis; ergo verior.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.arg.2] Further, just as the habits of acquired virtue are engendered by acts, so too an increase of charity is caused by an act of charity. Now each virtuous act conduces to the engendering of virtue. Therefore also each virtuous act of charity conduces to the increase of charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.arg.2] 2. Præterea, sicut habitus virtutum acquisitarum generatur ex actibus, ita etiam augmentum charitatis causatur per actum charitatis. Sed quilibet actus virtuosus operatur ad virtutis generationem. Ergo etiam quilibet actus charitatis operatur ad charitatis augmentum.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.arg.3] Further, Gregory [St. Bernard, Serm. ii in Festo Purif.] says that "to stand still in the way to God is to go back." Now no man goes back when he is moved by an act of charity. Therefore whoever is moved by an act of charity goes forward in the way to God. Therefore charity increases through every act of charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.arg.3] 3. Præterea, Gregorius dicit, quod in via Dei stare retrocedere est. Sed nullus, dum versitatem objectorum, quia habitus specificantur ab objectis; atqui minima charitas extendit se ad omnia illa quæ sunt ex charitate diligenda; ergo in augmento charitatis distinctio unius charitatis ad aliam non potest esse secundum speciem. Probatur de distinctione secundum numerum. Distinctio secundum numerum est in habitibus secundum diversitatem subjectorum; atqui in augmento charitatis una voluntas non additur alteri voluntati; ergo non est in hoc augmento distinctio secundum numerum unius charitatis ad aliam. Ergo, etc. III. Quantitas corporalis habet aliquid inquantum est quantitas, et inquantum est forma accidentalis. Inquantum est quantitas est distinguibilis secundum situm vel secundum numerum; inquantum est forma accidentalis non est distinguibilis nisi secundum subjectum; porro charitas non habet quantitatem corporalem, nec consequenter habet quod sit distinguibilis ad modum quantitatis corporalis secundum situm vel secundum numerum. Ergo non distinguibilis est ad modum quantitatis corporalis nisi secundum subjectum; atqui in augmento charitatis subjectum est unum et idem; ergo. Ex hoc argumento evincitur errare Patrem Henno quando asserit idem esse conficiendum argumentum de calore qui quantitatem corporalem habet, et de charitate. IV. Habitus intellectuales et morales non habent quantitatem nisi vel ex parte objectorum, vel inquantum sunt formæ intellectuales. Ex parte objectorum, augentur per additionem unius objecti ad alium, et hoc modo non augetur charitas quæ minima vel maxima omnia sua objecta habet. Inquantum sunt formæ accidentales, augentur per majorem inhærentiam suo subjecto, seu per majorem radicationem in suo subjecto; ergo charitas quæ augeri non potest secundum objecta, augetur solummodo secundum majorem radicationem in voluntate. Hic sed quomodo non esset « virtuosus » actus quilibet charitatis. Nicolaï, ut æquivalentia, adducit verba quaedam ex hom. iv lib. I In Ezechiel., § 16, col. 812, t. 2; ibi vero nulla fit mentio de verbo « stare, » sed tantum de « incedere et retro respicere. » Bernardus textus quos affert, ad supra dicta proprius accedunt, sed non sunt D. Gregorii. In hujus Operibus quoddam movetur actu charitatis, retrocedit. Ergo quicumque movetur actu charitatis, procedit in via Dei. Ergo quolibet actu charitatis, charitas augetur.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.sc] The effect does not surpass the power of its cause. But an act of charity is sometimes done with tepidity or slackness. Therefore it does not conduce to a more excellent charity, rather does it dispose one to a lower degree.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.sc] Sed contra est quod effectus non excedit virtutem causæ. Sed quandoque aliquis actus charitatis cum aliquo tepore vel remissione committitur. Non ergo perducit ad excellentiorem charitatem sed magis disponit ad minorem.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.co] The spiritual increase of charity is somewhat like the increase of a body. Now bodily increase in animals and plants is not a continuous movement, so that, to wit, if a thing increase so much in so much time, it need to increase proportionally in each part of that time, as happens in local movement; but for a certain space of time nature works by disposing for the increase, without causing any actual increase, and afterwards brings into effect that to which it had disposed, by giving the animal or plant an actual increase. On like manner charity does not actually increase through every act of charity, but each act of charity disposes to an increase of charity, in so far as one act of charity makes man more ready to act again according to charity, and this readiness increasing, man breaks out into an act of more fervent love, and strives to advance in charity, and then his charity increases actually.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod augmentum spirituale charitatis quodammodo simile est corporali augmento; augmentum autem corporale in animalibus et plantis non est motus continuus; ita scilicet quod si aliquid tantum augetur in tanto tempore, necesse sit quod proportionaliter in qualibet parte illius temporis augeatur, sicut contingit in motu locali; sed per aliquod tempus natura operatur disponens ad augmentum, et nihil augens actu; et postmodum producit in effectum id ad quod disposuerat, augendo ipsum animal, vel plantam, in actu. Ita etiam non quolibet actu charitatis charitas actu augetur, sed quilibet actus disponit ad charitatis augmentum, inquantum ex uno actu charitatis homo redditur promptior ad agendum iterum secundum charitatem, et fere simile invenitur, scilicet, XXVIII Moral., cap. vi, § 13, col. 483, t. 2: « Stare hoc loco ponitur in peccato persistere; » et Pastoralis parte III, cap. xxxiv, col. 118, t. 3: « In hoc quippe mundo humana anima, quasi more navis est contra ictum fluminis concendentis; uno in loco nequaquam stare permittitur, quia ad ima relabitur, nisi ad summa conetur. Ita mss. passim et editi; Garcia et Nicolaï: « si augetur tantum in tanto tempore. » Ita passim; edit. Rom. pro « quo » habet « quousque; » cod. Alcan.: « in affectum ferventiorem, quo conetur, » etc. Supponendum est actus nostros non causare efficienter physice augmentum charitatis, quia eadem est causa efficiens productionis habitus et productionis augmenti. Porro actus nostri non sunt causa efficiens productionis habitus charitatis; ergo. Actus nostri tamen sunt dispositiones physicæ ad productionem augmenti charitatis sicut ad productionem gratiae et habitus charitatis. Supponendum est insuper hominem justum posse sibi mereri augmentum charitatis. Ita definivit concilium tridentinum, sess. vi, can. 32. Nunc ad rem. Quilibet actus charitatis sive elicitus, sive imperatus meretur de condigno augmentum charitatis, etiamsi actus ille sit remissus. Est contra Durandum. « Si quis dixerit justificatum bonis operibus quae ab eo per Dei gratiam et Jesu Christi meritum flunt, non vere mereri augmentum gratiae, vitam aeter-habilitate crescente, homo prorumpit in actum ferventiorem directionis, quo conetur ad charitatis profectum; et tunc charitas augetur in actu.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.ad.1] Every act of charity merits everlasting life, which, however, is not to be bestowed then and there, but at its proper time. On like manner every act of charity merits an increase of charity; yet this increase does not take place at once, but when we strive for that increase.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod quilibet actus charitatis meretur vitam aeternam, non quidem statim exhibendam, sed suo tempore. Similiter etiam quilibet actus charitatis meretur charitatis augmentum; non tamen statim augetur, sed quando aliquis conatur ad hujusmodi augmentum.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.ad.2] Even when an acquired virtue is being engendered, each act does not complete the formation of the virtue, but conduces towards that effect by disposing to it, while the last act, which is the most perfect, and acts in virtue of all those that preceded it, reduces the virtue into act, just as when many drops hollow out a stone.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod etiam in generatione virtutis acquisitæ non quilibet actus complet generationem virtutis; sed quilibet operatur ad eam ut disponens; et ultimus, qui est perfectior, agens in virtute omnium præcedentium, reducit eam in actum, sicut etiam in multis guttis cavantibus lapidem.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.ad.3] Man advances in the way to God, not merely by actual increase of charity, but also by being disposed to that increase.
[II-II.q.24.a.6.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod in via Dei procedit aliquis, non solum dum actu charitas ejus augetur, sed etiam dum disponitur ad ejus augmentum.
Article 7
[II-II.q.24.a.7.arg.1] It would seem that charity does not increase indefinitely. For every movement is towards some end and term, as stated in Metaph. ii, text. 8,9. But the increase of charity is a movement. Therefore it tends to an end and term. Therefore charity does not increase indefinitely.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.arg.1] Ad septimum sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod charitas non augeatur in infinitum. Omnis enim motus est ad aliquem finem et terminum, ut dicitur in II Metaph., text. 8 et 9. Sed augmentum charitatis est quidam motus. Ergo tendit ad aliquem finem et terminum. Ergo charitas in infinitum non augetur.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.arg.2] Further, no form surpasses the capacity of its subject. But the capacity of the rational creature who is the subject of charity is finite. Therefore charity cannot increase indefinitely.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.arg.2] 2. Præterea, nulla forma excedit capacitatem sui subjecti. Sed capacitas creaturæ rationalis quæ est subjectum charitatis, est finita. Ergo charitas in infinitum augeri non potest.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.arg.3] Further, every finite thing can, by continual increase, attain to the quantity of another finite thing however much greater, unless the amount of its increase be ever less and less. Thus the Philosopher states (Phys. iii, 6) that if we divide a line into an indefinite number of parts, and take these parts away and add them indefinitely to another line, we shall never arrive at any definite quantity resulting from those two lines, viz. the one from which we subtracted and the one to which we added what was subtracted. But this does not occur in the case in point: because there is no need for the second increase of charity to be less than the first, since rather is it probable that it would be equal or greater. As, therefore, the charity of the blessed is something finite, if the charity of the wayfarer can increase indefinitely, it would follow that the charity of the way can equal the charity of heaven; which is absurd. Therefore the wayfarer's charity cannot increase indefinitely.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.arg.3] 3. Præterea, omne finitum per continuum augmentum potest pertingere ad quantitatem alterius finiti quantumcumque majoris; nisi forte id quod accrescit per augmentum, semper sit minus et minus: sicut Philosophus dicit in III Physic., text. 57 et seq., quod si uni lineæ addatur quod subtrahitur ab alia linea, quæ in infinitum dividitur, in infinitum additione facta, nunquam pertingetur ad quamdam determinatam quantitatem quæ est composita ex duabus lineis, scilicet divisa, et ea cui additur quod ex alia subtrahitur. Quod in proposito non contingit: non enim necesse est ut secundum charitatis augmentum sit minus quam prius, sed magis probabile est quod sit aequale aut majus. Cum ergo charitas pa-menti est dispositus, sive tunc sint in eodem instanti duo augmenta: unum actibus remissis alterum actui ferventiori correspondens, ut quidam autumant, sive sit unum et idem augmentum actibus remissis et actui ferventiori simul correspondens, ut quidam ex alia parte docent. Alii contendunt istud augmentum non conferri nisi in altera vita. Illorum autem qui volunt augmentum conferri statim ac elicitur actus, nonnulli distinguunt inter charitatem in esse charitatis, et charitatem in esse habitus, et autumant charitatem in esse charitatis eodem instanti ac elicitur actus charitatis, etiam remissus, augeri, sed negant eodem instanti augeri charitatem in esse habitus. Charitas in esse charitatis est charitas prout dicit jus ad mercedem et gloriam, et sic omnes, ut videtur, concedere debent eam augeri eodem instanti ac elicitur charitatis actus, etiam remissus. Charitas in esse habitus est charitas in esse physico. Bannes et Contenson eminent inter eos qui dicunt augmentum charitatis conferri quando justus triæ sit quiddam finitum; si charitas viæ in infinitum augeri potest, sequitur quod charitas viæ possit sibi adæquare charitatem patriæ; quod est inconveniens. Non ergo charitas viæ in infinitum potest augeri.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.sc] The Apostle says (Philippians 3:12): "Not as though I had already attained, or were already perfect; but I follow after, if I may, by any means apprehend," on which words a gloss says: "Even if he has made great progress, let none of the faithful say: 'Enough.' For whosoever says this, leaves the road before coming to his destination." Therefore the wayfarer's charity can ever increase more and more.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.sc] Sed contra est quod Apostolus dicit ad Philipp., 11, 12: Non quod jam acceperim, aut jam perfectus sim; sequor autem, si quo modo comprehendam; ubì dicit Glossa: « Nemo fidelium, etsi multum profecerit, dicat: Sufficit mihi. Qui enim hoc dicit, de via exit ante finem. » Ergo semper charitas in via potest magis ac magis augeri.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.co] A term to the increase of a form may be fixed in three ways: first by reason of the form itself having a fixed measure, and when this has been reached it is no longer possible to go any further in that form, but if any further advance is made, another form is attained. And example of this is paleness, the bounds of which may, by continual alteration, be passed, either so that whiteness ensues, or so that blackness results. Secondly, on the part of the agent, whose power does not extend to a further increase of the form in its subject. Thirdly, on the part of the subject, which is not capable of ulterior perfection.
Now, in none of these ways, is a limit imposed to the increase of man's charity, while he is in the state of the wayfarer. For charity itself considered as such has no limit to its increase, since it is a participation of the infinite charity which is the Holy Ghost. On like manner the cause of the increase of charity, viz. God, is possessed of infinite power. Furthermore, on the part of its subject, no limit to this increase can be determined, because whenever charity increases, there is a corresponding increased ability to receive a further increase. It is therefore evident that it is not possible to fix any limits to the increase of charity in this life.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod terminus augmento alicujus formæ potest præfigi tripliciter: uno modo ex ratione ipsius formæ, quæ habet terminatam mensuram, ad quam cum perventum fuerit, non potest ultra procedi in forma; sed si ultra processum fuerit, pervenietur ad aliam formam: sicut patet in pallore, cujus terminos per continuam alterationem aliquis transit, vel ad albedinem, vel ad nigredinem perveniens. Alio modo ex parte agentis, cujus virtus non se extendit ad ulterius augendum formam in subjecto. Tertio ex parte subjecti, quod non est capax amplioris perfectionis. Nullo autem istorum modorum imponitur terminus augmento charitatis in statu viæ. Ipsa enim charitas secundum rationem propriæ speciei terminum augmenti non habet; est enim participatio quædam infinitæ charitatis, quæ est Spiritus sanctus. Similiter etiam causa augens charitatem est infinitæ virtutis, scilicet Deus. Similiter etiam ex prorumpit in actum ferventiorem, ita quod sit unum præmium duplici ratione collatum. Joannes a S.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.ad.1] The increase of charity is directed to an end, which is not in this, but in a future life.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod augmentum charitatis est ad aliquem finem; sed ille finis non est in hac vita, sed in futura.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.ad.2] The capacity of the rational creature is increased by charity, because the heart is enlarged thereby, according to 2 Corinthians 6:11: "Our heart is enlarged"; so that it still remains capable of receiving a further increase.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod capacitas creaturæ spiritualis per charitatem augetur, quia per ipsam cor dilatatur, secundum illud II ad Corinth., vi, 41: Cor nostrum dilatatum est; et ideo adhuc ulterius manet habilitas ad majus augmentum.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.ad.3] This argument holds good in those things which have the same kind of quantity, but not in those which have different kinds: thus however much a line may increase it does not reach the quantity of a superficies. Now the quantity of a wayfarer's charity which follows the knowledge of faith is not of the same kind as the quantity of the charity of the blessed, which follows open vision. Hence the argument does not prove.
[II-II.q.24.a.7.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod ratio illa procedit in his quæ habent quantitatem ejusdem rationis, non autem in his quæ habent diversam rationem quantitatis; sicut linea, quantumcumque crescat, non attingit quantitatem superficiei. Non est autem eadem ratio quantitatis charitatis viæ, quæ sequitur cognitionem fidei, et charitatis patriæ, quæ sequitur visionem apertam. Unde ratio non sequitur.
Article 8
[II-II.q.24.a.8.arg.1] It would seem that charity cannot be perfect in this life. For this would have been the case with the apostles before all others. Yet it was not so, since the Apostle says (Philippians 3:12): "Not as though I had already attained, or were already perfect." Therefore charity cannot be perfect in this life.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.arg.1] Ad octavum sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod charitas in hac vita non possit esse perfecta. Maxime enim hæc perfectio in apostolis fuisset. Sed in eis non fuit; dicit enim Apostolus ad Philip., III, 42: Non quod jam acceperim, aut perfectus sim. Ergo charitas in hac vita perfecta esse non potest. 1 Sic cod. et melius. Angelus enim est creatura spiritualis, non rationalis, et ad angelos ista quodam modo conveniunt. — In 2 Nutrimentum ejus, scilicet charitatis, « est imminutio cupiditatis; perfectio, nulla cupiditas. »; in Secundum Scotistas hæc opinio D. Thomæ non valet, si intelligatur de augmento simpliciter et absolute; sed cum S. Bonaventura et Richardo contendunt charitatem posse quidem augeri secundum quid quantum est ex parte Dei, et charitatis, et cognitionis sine fine aliquo; verumtamen non posse augeri in infinitum simpliciter, prohibente hoc subjecti limitata capacitate; alioquin sequere-
[II-II.q.24.a.8.arg.2] Further, Augustine says (Qq. lxxxiii, qu. 36) that "whatever kindles charity quenches cupidity, but where charity is perfect, cupidity is done away altogether." But this cannot be in this world, wherein it is impossible to live without sin, according to 1 John 1:8: "If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves." Now all sin arises from some inordinate cupidity. Therefore charity cannot be perfect in this life.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.arg.2] 2. Præterea, Augustinus dicit in lib. LXXXIII Quæstion., q. xxxvi, § 1, col. 25, t. 6, quod « nutrimentum charitatis est diminutio cupiditatis; sed ubi est perfectio charitatis, nulla est cupiditas. » Sed hoc non potest esse in hac vita, in qua sine peccato vivere non possumus, secundum illud I Joan., I, 8: Si dixerimus quoniam peccatum non habemus, ipsi nos seducimus. Omne autem peccatum ex aliqua inordinata cupiditate procedit. Ergo in hac vita charitas perfecta esse non potest.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.arg.3] Further, what is already perfect cannot be perfected any more.
But in this life charity can always increase, as stated above (Article 7). Therefore charity cannot be perfect in this life.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.arg.3] 3. Præterea, illud quod jam perfectum est, non potest ulterius crescere. Sed charitas in hac vita semper potest augeri, ut dictum est. Ergo charitas in hac vita non potest esse perfecta.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.sc] Augustine says (In prim. canon. Joan. Tract. v) "Charity is perfected by being strengthened; and when it has been brought to perfection, it exclaims, 'I desire to be dissolved and to be with Christ.'" Now this is possible in this life, as in the case of Paul. Therefore charity can be perfect in this life.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.sc] Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, Super I Can. Joan., tract. v, § 4, col. 2014, t. 3: « Charitas, cum fuerit roborata, perficitur; cum autem ad perfectionem venerit, dicit: Cupio dissolvi et esse cum Christo. » Sed hoc possibile est in hac vita, sicut in Paulo fuit. Ergo charitas in hac vita potest esse perfecta.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.co] The perfection of charity may be understood in two ways: first with regard to the object loved, secondly with regard to the person who loves. With regard to the object loved, charity is perfect, if the object be loved as much as it is lovable. Now God is as lovable as He is good, and His goodness is infinite, wherefore He is infinitely lovable.
But no creature can love Him infinitely since all created power is finite. Consequently no creature's charity can be perfect in this way; the charity of God alone can, whereby He loves Himself.
On the part of the person who loves, charity is perfect, when he loves as much as he can. This happens in three ways. First, so that a man's whole heart is always actually borne towards God: this is the perfection of the charity of heaven, and is not possible in this life, wherein, by reason of the weakness of human life, it is impossible to think always actually of God, and to be moved by love towards Him. Secondly, so that man makes an earnest endeavor to give his time to God and Divine things, while scorning other things except in so far as the needs of the present life demand. This is the perfection of charity that is possible to a wayfarer; but is not common to all who have charity. Thirdly, so that a man gives his whole heart to God habitually, viz. by neither thinking nor desiring anything contrary to the love of God; and this perfection is common to all who have charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod perfectio charitatis potest intelligi dupliciter: uno modo ex parte diligibilis; alio modo ex parte diligentis. Ex parte quidem diligibilis perfecta est charitas ut diligatur aliquid, quantum diligibile est. Deus autem tantum diligibilis est, quantum bonus est; bonitas autem ejus est infinita; unde infinite diligibilis est. Nulla autem creatura potest eum diligere infinite, cum quælibet virtus creata sit finita. Unde per hunc modum nullius creaturæ charitas potest esse perfecta, sed solum charitas Dei, qua seipsum diligit. Ex parte vero diligentis tunc est charitas perfecta, quando aliquis secundum totum suum posse diligit. Quod quidem contingit tripliciter: uno modo sic quod totur inde quod creatura, cum sit finita, fieri posset Deus infinitus: quod implicat contradictionem. Hanc implicantiam non capio; Deus etenim est actus infinitus; infinitum autem per augmentum est infinitum potentia; ergo numquam creatura finita esset Deus. — Nota Begardos et Beguinas dixisse quod in hac vita homo attingere potest quemdam charitatis terminum, ultra quem progredi non posset. De isto et aliis erroribus, Clemens papa V, in concilio viennensi occumenico: « Nos, sacro approbante concilio, sectam ipsam cum præmissis erroribus damnamus et reprobamus omnino, inhibentes districtius ne quis ipsos de cætero teneat, approbet, vel defendat: eos autem qui secus egerint animadversione canonica decernimus puniendos. » tum cor hominis actualiter semper feratur in Deum; et hæc est perfectio charitatis patriæ, quæ non est possibilis in hac vita; in qua impossibile est, propter humanæ vita infirmitatem, semper actu cogitare de Deo, et moveri dilectione ad ipsum. Alio modo ut homo studium suum deputet ad vacandum Deo et rebus divinis, prætermissis aliis, nisi quantum necessitas præsentis vitae requirit; et ista est perfectio charitatis, quæ est possibilis in via; non tamen est communis omnibus habentibus charitatem. Tertio modo ita quod habitualiter aliquis totum cor suum ponat in Deo, ita scilicet quod nihil cogitet vel velit quod divinæ dilectioni sit contra-rium; et hæc perfectio est communis omnibus charitatem habentibus.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.ad.1] The Apostle denies that he has the perfection of heaven, wherefore a gloss on the same passage says that "he was a perfect wayfarer, but had not yet achieved the perfection to which the way leads."
[II-II.q.24.a.8.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod Apostolus negat de se perfectionem patriæ, unde Glossa ordin., col. 606, t. 2, ibidem dicit quod « perfectus erat viator, sed nondum ipsius itineris perfectione perventor. »
[II-II.q.24.a.8.ad.2] This is said on account of venial sins, which are contrary, not to the habit, but to the act of charity: hence they are incompatible, not with the perfection of the way, but with that of heaven.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod hoc dicitur propter peccata venialia; quæ non contra-riantur habitui charitatis, sed actui; et ita non repugnant perfectioni viæ, sed perfectioni patriæ.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.ad.3] The perfection of the way is not perfection simply, wherefore it can always increase.
[II-II.q.24.a.8.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod perfectio viæ non est perfectio simpliciter; et ideo semper habet quo crescat.
Article 9
[II-II.q.24.a.9.arg.1] It would seem unfitting to distinguish three degrees of charity, beginning, progress, and perfection. For there are many degrees between the beginning of charity and its ultimate perfection. Therefore it is not right to put only one.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.arg.1] Ad nonum sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod inconvenienter distinguantur tres gradus charitatis, scilicet charitas « incipiens, proficiens et perfecta. » Inter principium enim charitatis et ejus ultimam perfectionem sunt multi gradus medii. Non ergo unum solum medium debuit poni.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.arg.2] Further, charity begins to progress as soon as it begins to be. Therefore we ought not to distinguish between charity as progressing and as beginning.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.arg.2] 2. Præterea; statim cum charitas incipit esse, incipit etiam proficere. Non ergo debet distinguui charitas proficiens a charitate incipiente.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.arg.3] Further, in this world, however perfect a man's charity may be, it can increase, as stated above (Article 7). Now for charity to increase is to progress. Therefore perfect charity ought not to be distinguished from progressing charity: and so the aforesaid degrees are unsuitably assigned to charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.arg.3] 3. Præterea, quantumcumque aliquis habet in hoc mundo charitatem perfectam, potest etiam ejus charitas augeri, ut dictum est. Sed charitatem augeri est ipsam proficere. Ergo charitas perfecta non debet distinguui a charitate proficiente. Inconvenienter ergo prædicti tres gradus charitatis assignantur.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.sc] Augustine says (In prim. canon. Joan. Tract. v) "As soon as charity is born it takes food," which refers to beginners, "after taking food, it waxes strong," which refers to those who are progressing, "and when it has become strong it is perfected," which refers to the perfect. Therefore there are three degrees of charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.sc] Sed contra est quod Augustinus dicit, Super 1 Can. Joan., tract. v, § 4, col. 2014, t. 3: « Charitas cum fuerit nata, nutritur, » quod pertinet ad incipientes; « cum fuerit nutrita, roboratur, » quod pertinet ad proficientes; « cum fuerit roborata, perficitur, » quod pertinet ad perfectos. Ergo est triplex gradus charitatis.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.co] The spiritual increase of charity may be considered in respect of a certain likeness to the growth of the human body. For although this latter growth may be divided into many parts, yet it has certain fixed divisions according to those particular actions or pursuits to which man is brought by this same growth. Thus we speak of a man being an infant until he has the use of reason, after which we distinguish another state of man wherein he begins to speak and to use his reason, while there is again a third state, that of puberty when he begins to acquire the power of generation, and so on until he arrives at perfection.
In like manner the divers degrees of charity are distinguished according to the different pursuits to which man is brought by the increase of charity. For at first it is incumbent on man to occupy himself chiefly with avoiding sin and resisting his concupiscences, which move him in opposition to charity: this concerns beginners, in whom charity has to be fed or fostered lest it be destroyed: in the second place man's chief pursuit is to aim at progress in good, and this is the pursuit of the proficient, whose chief aim is to strengthen their charity by adding to it: while man's third pursuit is to aim chiefly at union with and enjoyment of God: this belongs to the perfect who "desire to be dissolved and to be with Christ."
In like manner we observe in local motion that at first there is withdrawal from one term, then approach to the other term, and thirdly, rest in this term.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod spirituale augmentum charitatis considerari potest quantum ad aliquid simile corporali hominis augmento; quod quidem quamvis in plurimas partes distingui possit, habet tamen aliquas determinatas distinctiones secundum determinatas actiones vel studia ad quæ homo perducitur per augmentum; sicut infantilis ætas dicitur antequam habeat usum rationis; postea autem distinguitur alius status hominis, quando jam incipit loqui et ratione uti; iterum tertius status ejus est pubertas, cum jam incipit posse generare; et sic deinde, quousque perveniatur ad perfectum. Ita etiam diversi gradus charitatis distinguuntur secundum diversa studia, ad quæ homo perducitur per charitatis augmentum. Nam primo quidem incumbit homini studium principale ad recedendum a peccato et resistendum concupiscentiis ejus, quæ in contrarium charitatis movent: et hoc pertinet ad incipientes, in quibus charitas est nutrienda vel fovenda, ne corrumpatur. Secundum autem studium succedit ut homo principaliter intendat ad hoc quod in bono proficiat: et hoc studium pertinet ad proficientes, qui ad hoc principaliter intendunt ut in eis charitas per augmentum roboretur. Tertium autem studium est ut homo ad hoc principaliter intendat ut Deo inhæreat, et eo fruatur: et hoc pertinet ad perfectos, qui cupiunt dissolvi et esse cum Christo. Sicut etiam videmus in motu corporali, quod primum est recessus a termin; secundum autem est appropinquatio ad alium terminum; tertium est quies in termino.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.ad.1] All these distinct degrees which can be discerned in the increase of charity, are comprised in the aforesaid three, even as every division of continuous things is included in these three--the beginning, the middle, and the end, as the Philosopher states (De Coelo i, 1).
[II-II.q.24.a.9.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod omnis illa determinata distinctio, quæ potest accipi in augmento charitatis, comprehenditur sub istis tribus quæ dicta sunt, sicut etiam omnis divisio continuorum comprehenditur sub tribus his, principio, medio et fine, ut Philosophus dicit in I De cælo, text. 2.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.ad.2] Although those who are beginners in charity may progress, yet the chief care that besets them is to resist the sins which disturb them by their onslaught. Afterwards, however, when they come to feel this onslaught less, they begin to tend to perfection with greater security; yet with one hand doing the work, and with the other holding the sword as related in Nehemiah 4:17 about those who built up Jerusalem.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod illis in quibus charitas incipit, quamvis proficiant, principalior tamen cura imminet ut resistant peccatis, quorum impugnatione inquietantur. Sed postea hanc impugnationem minus sentientes, jam quasi securius intendunt ad perfectum; ex una tamen parte facientes opus, et ex alia parte habentes manum ad gladium, ut dicitur in Esdra, lib. II, c. iv, de aedificatoribus Hierusalem.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.ad.3] Even the perfect make progress in charity: yet this is not their chief care, but their aim is principally directed towards union with God. And though both the beginner and the proficient seek this, yet their solicitude is chiefly about other things, with the beginner, about avoiding sin, with the proficient, about progressing in virtue.
[II-II.q.24.a.9.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod perfecti etiam in charitate proficiunt, sed non est ad hoc principalis eorum cura; sed jam eorum studium circa hoc maxime versatur ut Deo inhæreant. Et quamvis etiam hoc quærant et incipientes et proficientes; tamen magis sentiunt circa alia suam sollicitudinem incipientes quidem de vitatione peccatorum, proficientes vero de profectu virtutum. Conclusio — Distinguitur charitas secundum triplicem gradum, incipientium, proficientium et perfectorum, quod incipientium charitas in recessu a peccato, proficientium in virtutum exercitatione, perfectorum vero in aeternæ gloriæ fruitione consistat.
Article 10
[II-II.q.24.a.10.arg.1] It would seem that charity can decrease. For contraries by their nature affect the same subject. Now increase and decrease are contraries. Since then charity increases, as stated above (Article 4), it seems that it can also decrease.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.arg.1] Ad decimum sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod charitas possit diminui. Contraria enim nata sunt fieri circa idem. Sed augmentatio et diminutio sunt contraria. Cum ergo charitas augeatur, ut dictum est supra, videtur etiam quod possit diminui.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.arg.2] Further, Augustine, speaking to God, says (Confess. x) "He loves Thee less, who loves aught besides Thee": and (Qq. lxxxiii, qu. 36) he says that "what kindles charity quenches cupidity." For this it seems to follow that, on the contrary, what arouses cupidity quenches charity. But cupidity, whereby a man loves something besides God, can increase in man. Therefore charity can decrease.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.arg.2] 2. Præterea, Augustinus, X Confess., cap. xxix, col. 796, t. 1, ad Deum loquens, dicit: « Minus te amat qui tecum aliquid amat; » et in lib. LXXXIII Quæst., q. xxxvi, § 4, col. 25, t. 6, dicit quod « nutrimentum charitatis est diminutio cupiditatis. » Ex quo videtur quod etiam e converso augmentum cupiditatis sit diminutio charitatis. Sed cupiditas, qua amatur aliquid aliud quam Deus, potest in homine crescere. Ergo charitas potest diminui.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.arg.3] Further, as Augustine says (Gen. ad lit. viii, 12) "God makes the just man, by justifying him, but in such a way, that if the man turns away from God, he no longer retains the effect of the Divine operation." From this we may gather that when God preserves charity in man, He works in the same way as when He first infuses charity into him. Now at the first infusion of charity God infuses less charity into him that prepares himself less. Therefore also in preserving charity, He preserves less charity in him that prepares himself less. Therefore charity can decrease.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.arg.3] 3. Præterea, sicut Augustinus dicit, VIII Super Gen. ad litt., cap. xii, § 26, col. 383, t. 3, « non ita Deus operatur hominem justum, justificando eum, ut, si abscesserit, maneat in absente quod fecit. » Ex quo potest accipi quod eodem modo Deus opera-tur in homine, charitatem ejus conservando, quo operatur primo ei charitatem infundendo. Sed in prima charitatis infusione minus se præparanti Deus minorem charitatem infundit. Ergo etiam in conservatione charitatis minus se præparanti minorem charitatem conservat. Potest ergo charitas diminui.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.sc] In Scripture, charity is compared to fire, according to Canticles 8:6: "The lamps thereof," i.e. of charity, "are fire and flames." Now fire ever mounts upward so long as it lasts. Therefore as long as charity endures, it can ascend, but cannot descend, i.e. decrease.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.sc] Sed contra est quod charitas in Scriptura igni comparatur, secundum illud Cant., viii, 6: Lampades ejus, scilicet charitatis, lampades ignis atque flammarum. Sed ignis, quamdiu manet, semper ascendit. Ergo charitas, quamdiu manet, ascendere potest, sed descendere, id est, diminui non potest.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.co] The quantity which charity has in comparison with its proper object, cannot decrease, even as neither can it increase, as stated above (4, ad 2).
Since, however, it increases in that quantity which it has in comparison with its subject, here is the place to consider whether it can decrease in this way. Now, if it decrease, this must needs be either through an act, or by the mere cessation from act. It is true that virtues acquired through acts decrease and sometimes cease altogether through cessation from act, as stated above (I-II, 53, 3). Wherefore the Philosopher says, in reference to friendship (Ethic. viii, 5) "that want of intercourse," i.e. the neglect to call upon or speak with one's friends, "has destroyed many a friendship." Now this is because the safe-keeping of a thing depends on its cause, and the cause of human virtue is a human act, so that when human acts cease, the virtue acquired thereby decreases and at last ceases altogether. Yet this does not occur to charity, because it is not the result of human acts, but is caused by God alone, as stated above (Article 2). Hence it follows that even when its act ceases, it does not for this reason decrease, or cease altogether, unless the cessation involves a sin.
The consequence is that a decrease of charity cannot be caused except either by God or by some sinful act. Now no defect is caused in us by God, except by way of punishment, in so far as He withdraws His grace in punishment of sin. Hence He does not diminish charity except by way of punishment: and this punishment is due on account of sin.
It follows, therefore, that if charity decrease, the cause of this decrease must be sin either effectively or by way of merit. But mortal sin does not diminish charity, in either of these ways, but destroys it entirely, both effectively, because every mortal sin is contrary to charity, as we shall state further on (12), and by way of merit, since when, by sinning mortally, a man acts against charity, he deserves that God should withdraw charity from him.
In like manner, neither can venial sin diminish charity either effectively or by way of merit. Not effectively, because it does not touch charity, since charity is about the last end, whereas venial sin is a disorder about things directed to the end: and a man's love for the end is none the less through his committing an inordinate act as regards the things directed to the end. Thus sick people sometimes, though they love health much, are irregular in keeping to their diet: and thus again, in speculative sciences, the false opinions that are derived from the principles, do not diminish the certitude of the principles. So too, venial sin does not merit diminution of charity; for when a man offends in a small matter he does not deserve to be mulcted in a great matter. For God does not turn away from man, more than man turns away from Him: wherefore he that is out of order in respect of things directed to the end, does not deserve to be mulcted in charity whereby he is ordered to the last end.
The consequence is that charity can by no means be diminished, if we speak of direct causality, yet whatever disposes to its corruption may be said to conduce indirectly to its diminution, and such are venial sins, or even the cessation from the practice of works of charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod quantitas charitatis, quam habet in comparatione ad objectum proprium, minui non potest, sicut nec augeri, ut supra dictum est. Sed cum augeatur secundum quantitatem quam habet in comparatione ad subjectum, hic oportet considerare utrum ex hac parte diminui possit. Si autem diminuatur, oportet quod vel diminuatur per aliquem actum, vel per solam cessationem ab actu. Per cessationem quidem ab actu diminuuntur virtutes ex actibus acquisitæ, et quando etiam corrumpuntur, ut supra dictum est. Unde de amicitia Philosophus dicit in VIII Ethicor., cap. v, parum a princ., quod « multas amicitias inappellatio solvit, » id est, non appellare amicum, vel non colloqui ei. Sed hoc ideo est quia conservatio uniuscujusque rei dependet ex sua causa. Causa autem virtutis acquisitæ est actus humanus. Unde, cessantibus humanis actibus, virtus acquisita diminuitur, et tandem totaliter corrumpitur. Sed hoc in charitate locum non habet, quia charitas non causatur ab humanis actibus, sed solum a Deo, ut supra dictum est. Unde relinquitur quod etiam cessante actu, propter hoc nec diminuitur, nec corrumpitur, si desit peccatum in ipsa cessatione. Relinquitur ergo quod diminutio charitatis non possit causari nisi vel a Deo, vel ab aliquo peccato. A Deo quidem non causatur aliquis defectus in nobis nisi per modum pœnæ, secundum quod subtrahit gratiam in pœnam peccati. Unde nec ei competit diminuere charitatem nisi per modum pœnæ. Pœna autem debetur peccato. Unde relinquitur quod si charitas diminuatur, causa diminutionis ejus sit peccatum vel effective vel meritorie. Neutro autem modo peccatum mortale diminuit charitatem, sed totaliter corrumpit ipsam, et effective, quia omne peccatum mortale contrariatur charitati, ut infra dicetur, et etiam meritorie, quia cum peccando mortaliter aliquis contra charitatem agit, dignum est ut Deus ei subtrahat charitatem. Similiter etiam nec per peccatum veniale charitas diminui potest, neque effective, neque meritorie. Effective quidem non, quia ad ipsam charitatem non attingit; charitas enim est circa finem ultimum; veniale autem peccatum est quædam inordinatio circa ea quæ sunt ad finem; non autem diminuitur amor finis ex hoc quod aliquis inordinationem aliquam committit circa ea quæ sunt ad finem; sicut aliquando contingit quod aliqui infirmi multum amantes sanitatem, inordinate tamen se habent circa diætæ observationem; sicut etiam in speculativis scientiis falsæ opiniones circa ea quæ deducuntur ex principiis, non diminuunt certitudinem principiorum. Similiter etiam veniale peccatum non meretur diminutionem charitatis; cum enim aliquis delinquit in minori, non meretur detrimentum pati in majori. Deus enim non plus se avertit ab homine quam homo avertat se ab ipso. Unde qui inordinate se habet circa ea quæ sunt ad finem, non meretur detrimentum pati in charitate, per quam ordinatur ad ultimum finem. Unde consequens est quod charitas nullo modo diminui possit, directe loquendo; po-test tamen indirecte dici diminutio charitatis dispositio ad corruptionem ipsius; quæ fit vel per peccata venialia, vel etiam per cesationem ab exercitio operum charitatis.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.ad.1] Contraries affect the same subject when that subject stands in equal relation to both. But charity does not stand in equal relation to increase and decrease. For it can have a cause of increase, but not of decrease, as stated above. Hence the argument does not prove.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod contraria sunt circa idem, quando subjectum æqualiter se habet ad utrumque contrario-rum. Sed charitas non eodem modo se habet ad augmentum et diminutionem; potest enim habere causam augentem, sed non potest habere causam minuentem, sicut dictum est. Unde ratio non sequitur.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.ad.2] Cupidity is twofold, one whereby man places his end in creatures, and this kills charity altogether, since it is its poison, as Augustine states (Confess. x). This makes us love God less (i.e. less than we ought to love Him by charity), not indeed by diminishing charity but by destroying it altogether. It is thus that we must understand the saying: "He loves Thee less, who loves aught beside Thee," for he adds these words, "which he loveth not for Thee." This does not apply to venial sin, but only to mortal sin: since that which we love in venial sin, is loved for God's sake habitually though not actually. There is another cupidity, that of venial sin, which is always diminished by charity: and yet this cupidity cannot diminish charity, for the reason given above.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod duplex est cupiditas: una quidem, qua finis in creatu- Sic cod.; al.: « agentem » in — Ita editi passim; theologi cum cod. Alcan.: « non semper. » Agitur de charitate habituali. Nam motus charitatis actualis sunt modo intensiores, modo remissiores, et consequenter charitas actualis certo minui potest. De charitate autem habituali tenetur communiter eam minui non posse, alii dicunt directe, sed bene indirecte, alii dicunt de lege ordi-ris constituitur; et hæc mortificat totaliter charitatem, cum sit venenum ipsius, ut Augustinus dicit ibid. Et hoc facit quod Deus minus ametur, scilicet quam debet amari ex charitate, non quidem charitatem diminuendo, sed eam totaliter tollendo. Et sic intelligendum est quod dicitur: « Minus te amat qui tecum aliquid amat; » subditur enim: « Quod non propter te amat. » Quod non contingit in peccato veniali, sed solum in mortali. Quod enim amatur in peccato veniali, propter Deum amatur habitu, etsi non actu. Est autem alia cupiditas venialis peccati, quæ semper diminuitur per charitatem. Sed tamen talis cupiditas charitatem diminuere non potest, ratione jam dicta.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.ad.3] A movement of the free-will is requisite in the infusion of charity, as stated above (I-II, 113, 3). Wherefore that which diminishes the intensity of the free-will conduces dispositively to a diminution in the charity to be infused. On the other hand, no movement of the free-will is required for the safe-keeping of charity, else it would not remain inn us while we sleep. Hence charity does not decrease on account of an obstacle on the part of the intensity of the free-will's movement.
[II-II.q.24.a.10.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod in infusione charitatis requiritur motus liberi arbitrii, sicut supra dictum est. Et ideo illud quod diminuit intensionem liberi arbitrii, dispositive operatur ad hoc quod charitas infundenda sit minor. Sed ad conservationem charitatis non requiritur motus liberi arbitrii; alioquin non remaneret in dormientibus. Unde per impedimentum intensionis motus liberi arbitrii non diminuitur charitas.
Article 11
[II-II.q.24.a.11.arg.1] It would seem that we cannot lose charity when once we have it. For if we lose it, this can only be through sin. Now he who has charity cannot sin, for it is written (1 John 3:9): "Whosoever is born of God, committeth not sin; for His seed abideth in him, and he cannot sin, because he is born of God." But none save the children of God have charity, for it is this which distinguishes "the children of God from the children of perdition," as Augustine says (De Trin. xv, 17). Therefore he that has charity cannot lose it.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.arg.1] Ad undecimum sic proceditur. 1. Videtur quod charitas semel habita non possit amitti. Si enim amittitur, non amittitur nisi propter peccatum. Sed ille qui habet charitatem, non potest peccare; dicitur enim I Joan., Ⅲ, 9: Omnis qui natus est ex Deo, peccatum non facit, quia semen ipsius in eo manet; et non potest peccare, quoniam ex Deo natus est. Charitatem autem non habent nisi filii Dei; « ipsa enim est quæ distinguit inter filios regni, et filios perditionis, » ut Augustinus naria. Minuitur indirecte tribus modis: 1. inquantum per peccata venialia minuitur ejus fervor extrin-secus; propter impedimenta quæ peccata venialia afferunt ad applicationem ejus materiæ circa quam venialiter peccatur; 2. inquantum per peccata venialia generantur pravæ inclinationes quæ reddunt difficile charitatis exercitium; 3. quia peccata venialia disponunt ad mortale quo charitas destruitur. dicit in XV De Trinit., cap. xviii, col. 1082, t. 8. Ergo ille qui habet charitatem, non potest eam amittere.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.arg.2] Further, Augustine says (De Trin. viii, 7) that "if love be not true, it should not be called love." Now, as he says again in a letter to Count Julian, "charity which can fail was never true." [The quotation is from De Salutaribus Documentis ad quemdam comitem, vii., among the works of Paul of Friuli, more commonly known as Paul the Deacon, a monk of Monte Cassino.] Therefore it was no charity at all. Therefore, when once we have charity, we cannot lose it.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.arg.2] 2. Præterea, Augustinus dicit in VIII De Trinit., cap. vii, col. 956, t. 8, quod « dilectio, si non est vera, dilectio dicenda non est. » Sed sicut ipse dicit in Epist. ad Julianum comitem, cap. vii, col. 1049, t. 6, « charitas quæ deficere potest nunquam vera fuit. » Ergo neque charitas fuit. Si ergo charitas semel habeatur, nunquam amittitur.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.arg.3] Further, Gregory says in a homily for Pentecost (In Evang. xxx) that "God's love works great things where it is; if it ceases to work it is not charity." Now no man loses charity by doing great things. Therefore if charity be there, it cannot be lost.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.arg.3] 3. Præterea, Gregorius dicit in Homilia Pentecostes, xxx in Evang., § 2, col. 1221, t. 2, quod « amor Dei magna operatur, si est; si desinit operari, charitas non est. » Sed nullus magna operando amittit charitatem. Ergo si charitas insit, amitti non potest.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.arg.4] Further, the free-will is not inclined to sin unless by some motive for sinning. Now charity excludes all motives for sinning, both self-love and cupidity, and all such things. Therefore charity cannot be lost.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.arg.4] 4. Præterea, liberum arbitrium non inclinatur ad peccatum nisi per aliquod motivum ad peccandum. Sed charitas excludit omnia motiva ad peccandum, et amorem sui, et cupiditatem, et quidquid aliud hujusmodi est. Ergo charitas amitti non potest.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.sc] It is written (Apocalypse 2:4): "I have somewhat against thee, because thou hast left thy first charity."
[II-II.q.24.a.11.sc] Sed contra est quod dicitur Apocal., ii, 4: Habeo adversum te quod primam* charitatem reliquisti.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.co] The Holy Ghost dwells in us by charity, as shown above (2; Q 23,24). We can, accordingly, consider charity in three ways: first on the part of the Holy Ghost, Who moves the soul to love God, and in this respect charity is incompatible with sin through the power of the Holy Ghost, Who does unfailingly whatever He wills to do. Hence it is impossible for these two things to be true at the same time--that the Holy Ghost should will to move a certain man to an act of charity, and that this man, by sinning, should lose charity. For the gift of perseverance is reckoned among the blessings of God whereby "whoever is delivered, is most certainly delivered," as Augustine says in his book on the Predestination of the saints (De Dono Persev. xiv).
Secondly, charity may be considered as such, and thus it is incapable of anything that is against its nature. Wherefore charity cannot sin at all, even as neither can heat cool, nor unrighteousness do good, as Augustine says (De Serm. Dom. in Monte ii, 24).
Thirdly, charity can be considered on the part of its subject, which is changeable on account of the free-will. Moreover charity may be compared with this subject, both from the general point of view of form in comparison with matter, and from the specific point of view of habit as compared with power. Now it is natural for a form to be in its subject in such a way that it can be lost, when it does not entirely fill the potentiality of matter: this is evident in the forms of things generated and corrupted, because the matter of such things receives one form in such a way, that it retains the potentiality to another form, as though its potentiality were not completely satisfied with the one form. Hence the one form may be lost by the other being received. On the other hand the form of a celestial body which entirely fills the potentiality of its matter, so that the latter does not retain the potentiality to another form, is in its subject inseparably. Accordingly the charity of the blessed, because it entirely fills the potentiality of the rational mind, since every actual movement of that mind is directed to God, is possessed by its subject inseparably: whereas the charity of the wayfarer does not so fill the potentiality of its subject, because the latter is not always actually directed to God: so that when it is not actually directed to God, something may occur whereby charity is lost.
It is proper to a habit to incline a power to act, and this belongs to a habit, in so far as it makes whatever is suitable to it, to seem good, and whatever is unsuitable, to seem evil. For as the taste judges of savors according to its disposition, even so does the human mind judge of things to be done, according to its habitual disposition. Hence the Philosopher says (Ethic. iii, 5) that "such as a man is, so does the end appear to him." Accordingly charity is inseparable from its possessor, where that which pertains to charity cannot appear otherwise than good, and that is in heaven, where God is seen in His Essence, which is the very essence of goodness. Therefore the charity of heaven cannot be lost, whereas the charity of the way can, because in this state God is not seen in His Essence, which is the essence of goodness.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod per charitatem Spiritus sanctus in nobis habitat, ut ex supra dictis patet. Tripliciter ergo possumus considerare charitatem: uno modo ex parte Spiritus sancti moventis animam ad diligendum Deum: et ex hac parte charitas impeccabilitatem habet ex virtute Spiritus sancti, qui infallibiliter operatur quodcumque voluerit. Unde impossibile est hæc duo simul esse vera, quod Spiritus sanctus velit aliquem movere ad actum charitatis, et quod ipse charitatem amittat peccando. Nam do num perseverantiæ computatur inter beneficia Dei, « quibus certissime liberantur, qui cumque liberantur, » ut Augustinus dicit in lib. II De prædest. sanctorum, qui est De dono persever., cap. xiv, § 35, col. 1014, t. 10. Alio modo potest considerari charitas secundum propriam rationem: et sic charitas non potest aliquid nisi id quod perfinet ad charitatis rationem. Unde charitas nullo modo potest peccare, sicut nec calor potest infrigidare, et sicut etiam injustitia non potest bonum facere, ut Augustinus dicit in lib. II De serm. Domini in monte, cap. xxiv, col. 1305, t. 3. Tertio modo potest considerari charitas ex parte subjecti, quod est vertibile secundum arbitrii libertatem. Potest autem attendi comparatio charitatis ad hoc subjectum et secundum universalem rationem, qua comparatur forma ad materiam, et secundum specialem rationem, qua comparatur habitus ad potentiam. Est autem de ratione formæ quod sit in subjecto amissibiliter, quando non replet totam potentialitatem materiæ; sicut patet in formis generabilium et corruptibilium, quia materia horum sic recipit unam formam quod remanet in ea potentia ad aliam formam, quasi non repleta tota materiæ potentialitate per unam formam; et ideo una forma potest amitti per accessionem alterius; sed forma corporis cælestis, quia replet totam materiæ potentialitatem, ita quod non remanet in ea potentia ad aliam formam, inmissibiliter inest. Sic ergo charitas patriæ, quia replet totam potentialitatem rationalis mentis, inquantum scilicet omnis actualis motus ejus fertur in Deum, inamissibiliter habetur. Charitas autem viæ non sic replet potentialitatem sui subjecti, quia non semper actu fertur in Deum; unde quando actu in Deum non fertur, potest aliquid occurrere per quod charitas amittatur. Habitui vero proprium est ut inclinet potentiam ad agendum; quod convenit habitui inquantum facit id videri bonum quod ei convenit; malum autem quod ei repugnat. Sicut enim gustus dijudicat sapores secundum suam dispositionem, ita mens hominis dijudicat de aliquo faciendo secundum suam habitualem dispositionem. Unde et Philosophus dicit in III Ethic., cap. v, a med., quod « qualis unusquisque est, talis finis videtur ei. » Ibi ergo charitas inamissibiliter habetur, ubi id quod convenit charitati, non potest videri nisi bonum; scilicet in patria, ubi « Ea quipe dilectio dicenda est, quæ vera est; alioquin cupiditas est. » Augustini Epistola ad Julianum comitem, aliter dicitur liber De salutaribus documentis. In prima editione Epistolarum Augustini apud Amerbach locum habuit; sed liber iste postea spurius fuit habitus, nec cuiquam certo attributus: sed ex vetus-tissimo Colbertinæ codice, Paulino, archiepiscopo Aquileiensi patriarchæ, qui octavo sæculo floruit, jam est restitutus. — In textu « deseri, » non « deficere » legitur. « Operatur etenim magna, si est; si vero operari renuit, amor non est. » In Deus videtur per essentiam, quæ est ipsa essentia bonitatis. Et ideo charitas patriæ amitti non potest; charitas autem viæ, in cujus statu non videtur ipsa Dei essentia, quæ est essentia bonitatis, potest amitti.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.ad.1] The passage quoted speaks from the point of view of the power of the Holy Ghost, by Whose safeguarding, those whom He wills to move are rendered immune from sin, as much as He wills.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod auctoritas illa loquitur secundum potestatem Spiritus sancti, cujus conservatione a peccato immunes redduntur quos ipse movet, quantum ipse voluerit.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.ad.2] The charity which can fail by reason of itself is no true charity; for this would be the case, were its love given only for a time, and afterwards were to cease, which would be inconsistent with true love. If, however, charity be lost through the changeableness of the subject, and against the purpose of charity included in its act, this is not contrary to true charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod charitas, quæ deficere potest ex ipsa ratione charitatis, vera charitas non est; hoc enim esset, si hoc in suo amore haberet quod ad tempus amaret, et postea amare desineret; quod non esset veræ dilectionis. Sed si charitas amittatur ex mutabilitate subjecti contra propositum charitatis, quod in suo actu includitur, hoc non repugnat veritati charitatis.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.ad.3] The love of God ever works great things in its purpose, which is essential to charity; but it does not always work great things in its act, on account of the condition of its subject.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.ad.3] Ad tertium dicendum, quod amor Dei semper magna operatur in proposito, quod pertinet ad rationem charitatis; non tamen semper magna operatur in actu propter conditionem subjecti.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.ad.4] Charity by reason of its act excludes every motive for sinning. But it happens sometimes that charity is not acting actually, and then it is possible for a motive to intervene for sinning, and if we consent to this motive, we lose charity.
[II-II.q.24.a.11.ad.4] Ad quartum dicendum, quod charitas secundum rationem sui actus excludit omne motivum ad peccandum. Sed quandoque contingit quod charitas actu non agit: et tunc potest intervenire aliquod motivum ad peccandum, cui si consentiatur, charitas amittitur.
Article 12
[II-II.q.24.a.12.arg.1] It would seem that charity is not lost through one mortal sin. For Origen says (Peri Archon i): "When a man who has mounted to the stage of perfection, is satiated, I do not think that he will become empty or fall away suddenly; but he must needs do so gradually and by little and little." But man falls away by losing charity. Therefore charity is not lost through only one mortal sin.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.arg.1] Ad duodecimum sic proceditur. 4. Videtur quod charitas non amittatur per unum actum peccati mortalis. Dicit enim Origenes in I Periarch., cap. Ⅲ, col. 155, t. 4: « Si aliquando satietas capit aliquem ex his qui in summo perfectoque constiterit gradu, non arbitror quod ad subitum quis evacuetur, aut decidat; sed paulatim, ac etiam per partes eum decidere necesse est. » Sed homo decidit charitatem amittens. Ergo charitas non amittitur per unum solum actum peccati mortalis.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.arg.2] Further, Pope Leo in a sermon on the Passion (60) addresses Peter thus: "Our Lord saw in thee not a conquered faith, not an averted love, but constancy shaken. Tears abounded where love never failed, and the words uttered in trepidation were washed away by the fount of charity." From this Bernard [William of St. Thierry, De Nat. et Dig. Amoris. vi.] drew his assertion that "charity in Peter was not quenched, but cooled."
But Peter sinned mortally in denying Christ. Therefore charity is not lost through one mortal sin.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.arg.2] 2. Præterea, Leo papa dicit in Serm. Ⅳ de passione, cap. Ⅳ, col 345, t. 4, alloquens Petrum: « Vidit in te Dominus non fidem victam, non dilectionem aversam, sed constantiam fuisse turbatam. Abundavit fletus, ubi non deficit affectus, et fons charitatis lavit verba formidinis. » Et ex hoc accepit Bernardus, lib. De natura amoris, cap. VI § 14, col. 402, t. 5 edit. Vivès, quod dicit in Petro charitatem non fuisse extinctam, sed sopitam. Sed Petrus negando Christum peccavit mortaliter. Ergo charitas non amittitur per unum actum peccati mortalis.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.arg.3] Further, charity is stronger than an acquired virtue. Now a habit of acquired virtue is not destroyed by one contrary sinful act. Much less, therefore, is charity destroyed by one contrary mortal sin.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.arg.3] 3. Præterea, charitas est fortior quam virtus acquisita. Sed habitus virtutis acquisitæ non tollitur per unum actum peccati contrarium. Ergo multo minus charitas tollitur per unum actum peccati mortalis contrarium.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.arg.4] Further, charity denotes love of God and our neighbor. Now, seemingly, one may commit a mortal sin, and yet retain the love of God and one's neighbor; because an inordinate affection for things directed to the end, does not remove the love for the end, as stated above (Article 10). Therefore charity towards God can endure, though there be a mortal sin through an inordinate affection for some temporal good.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.arg.4] 4. Præterea, charitas importat dilectionem Dei et proximi. Sed aliquis committens aliquod peccatum mortale, retinet dilectionem Dei et proximi, ut videtur; inordinatio enim Ita cum codd. Alcan. et Paris.; Nicolaï, Tarrac.: « ipsa essentia divinæ bonitatis; » edit. Rom.: « ipsa essentia Dei, bonitatis esse essentia, potest amitti. » — Parm.: « accepit Bernardus (colligitur ex lib. II De amore Dei).
[II-II.q.24.a.12.arg.5] Further, the object of a theological virtue is the last end. Now the other theological virtues, namely faith and hope, are not done away by one mortal sin, in fact they remain though lifeless. Therefore charity can remain without a form, even when a mortal sin has been committed.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.arg.5] 5. Præterea, virtutis theologicæ objectum est ultimus finis. Sed aliæ virtutes theologicæ, scilicet fides et spes, non excluduntur per unum actum peccati mortalis, imo remanent informes. Ergo etiam charitas potest remanere informis, etiam uno peccato mortali perpetrato.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.sc] By mortal sin man becomes deserving of eternal death, according to Romans 6:23: "The wages of sin is death." On the other hand whoever has charity is deserving of eternal life, for it is written (John 14:21): "He that loveth Me, shall be loved by My Father: and I will love Him, and will manifest Myself to him," in which manifestation everlasting life consists, according to John 17:3: "This is eternal life; that they may know Thee the . . . true God, and Jesus Christ Whom Thou hast sent." Now no man can be worthy, at the same time, of eternal life and of eternal death. Therefore it is impossible for a man to have charity with a mortal sin. Therefore charity is destroyed by one mortal sin.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.sc] Sed contra, per peccatum mortale fit homo dignus morte æterna, secundum illud Rom., vi, 23: Stipendia peccati mors. Sed quilibet habens charitatem habet meritum vita æterna; dicitur enim Joan., xiv, 21: Si quis* diligit me, diligetur a Patre meo; et ego diligam eum, et manifestabo ei meipsum; in qua quidem manifestatione vita æterna consistit, secundum illud Joan., xvii, 3: Hæc est vita æterna ut cognoscant te verum Deum* et quem misisti Jesum Christum. Nullus autem potest esse simul dignus vita æterna et morte æterna. Ergo impossibile est quod aliquis habeat charitatem cum peccato mortali. Tollitur ergo charitas per unum actum peccati mortalis.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.co] That one contrary is removed by the other contrary supervening. Now every mortal sin is contrary to charity by its very nature, which consists in man's loving God above all things, and subjecting himself to Him entirely, by referring all that is his to God. It is therefore essential to charity that man should so love God as to wish to submit to Him in all things, and always to follow the rule of His commandments; since whatever is contrary to His commandments is manifestly contrary to charity, and therefore by its very nature is capable of destroying charity.
If indeed charity were an acquired habit dependent on the power of its subject, it would not necessarily be removed by one mortal sin, for act is directly contrary, not to habit but to act. Now the endurance of a habit in its subject does not require the endurance of its act, so that when a contrary act supervenes the acquired habit is not at once done away. But charity, being an infused habit, depends on the action of God Who infuses it, Who stands in relation to the infusion and safekeeping of charity, as the sun does to the diffusion of light in the air, as stated above (10, Objection 3). Consequently, just as the light would cease at once in the air, were an obstacle placed to its being lit up by the sun, even so charity ceases at once to be in the soul through the placing of an obstacle to the outpouring of charity by God into the soul.
Now it is evident that through every mortal sin which is contrary to God's commandments, an obstacle is placed to the outpouring of charity, since from the very fact that a man chooses to prefer sin to God's friendship, which requires that we should obey His will, it follows that the habit of charity is lost at once through one mortal sin. Hence Augustine says (Gen. ad lit. viii, 12) that "man is enlightened by God's presence, but he is darkened at once by God's absence, because distance from Him is effected not by change of place but by aversion of the will."
[II-II.q.24.a.12.co] Respondeo dicendum, quod unum contrarium per aliud contrarium superveniens tollitur. Quilibet autem actus peccati mortalis contrariatur charitati secundum propriam rationem, quæ consistit in hoc quod Deus diligatur super omnia, et quod homo totaliter illi se subjiciat, omnia sua referendo in ipsum. Est ergo de ratione charitatis ut sic diligat Deum, quod in omnibus velit se ei subjicere, et præceptorum ejus regulam in omnibus sequi; quidquid enim contrariatur præceptis ejus, manifeste contrariatur charitati; unde de se habet quod charitatem excludere possit. Et si quidem charitas esset habitus acquisitus ex virtute subjecti dependens, non oporteret quod statim per unum actum contrarium tolleretur: actus enim non directe contrariatur habitui, sed actui. Continuatio autem habitus in subjecto non requirit continuitatem actus; unde ex superveniente contrario actu non statim habitus «Merito stipendium vocatur, ait Beda, quia malitiae diabolicæ mors æterna tanquam debitum redditur. » — Ita mss. et editi passim. Nicolaï cum theologis, « desinit, » ut legitur in quæst. « De cha-acquisitus excluditur. Sed charitas, cum sit habitus infusus, dependet ex actione Dei infundentis; qui sic se habet in infusione et conservatione charitatis, sicut sol in illuminatione aeris, ut dictum est. Et ideo sicut lumen statim cessaret esse in aere per hoc quod aliquod obstaculum poneretur illuminationi solis, ita etiam charitas statim deficit esse in anima per hoc quod aliquod obstaculum ponitur influentiæ charitatis a Deo in animam. Manifestum est autem quod per quodlibet mortale peccatum, quod divinis præceptis contrariatur, ponitur prædictæ infusioni obstaculum; quia ex hoc ipso quod homo eligendo præfert peccatum divinæ amicitiæ, quæ requirit ut Dei voluntatem sequamur, consequens est ut statim per unum actum peccati mortalis habitus charitatis perdatur. Unde et Augustinus dicit, Super Gen. ad litt., lib. VIII, cap. xii, § 26, col. 383, t. 3, quod « homo, Deo sibi præsente illuminatur, absente autem continuo tenebratur; a quo non locorum intervallis, sed voluntatis aversione disceditur. »
[II-II.q.24.a.12.ad.1] This saying of Origen may be understood, in one way, that a man who is in the state of perfection, does not suddenly go so far as to commit a mortal sin, but is disposed thereto by some previous negligence, for which reason venial sins are said to be dispositions to mortal sin, as stated above (I-II, 88, 3). Nevertheless he falls, and loses charity through the one mortal sin if he commits it.
Since, however, he adds: "If some slight slip should occur, and he recover himself quickly he does not appear to fall altogether," we may reply in another way, that when he speaks of a man being emptied and falling away altogether, he means one who falls so as to sin through malice; and this does not occur in a perfect man all at once.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.ad.1] Ad primum ergo dicendum, quod verbum Origenis potest uno modo sic intelligi, quod homo qui est in statu perfecto, non subito procedit in actum peccati mortalis, sed ad hoc disponitur per aliquam negligentiam præcedentem; unde et peccata venialia dicuntur esse dispositio ad mortale, sicut supra dictum est. Sed tamen per unum actum peccati mortalis, si eum commiserit, decidit, charitate amissa. Sed quia ipse subdit: « Si aliquis brevis lapsus acciderit, et cito resipiscat, non penitus ruere videur, » potest aliter dici quod ipse intelligit eum poenitus evacuari et decidere, qui sic decidit ut ex malitia peccet; quod non statim in viro perfecto a principio contingit.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.ad.2] Charity may be lost in two ways; first, directly, by actual contempt, and, in this way, Peter did not lose charity. Secondly, indirectly, when a sin is committed against charity, through some passion of desire or fear; it was by sinning against charity in this way, that Peter lost charity; yet he soon recovered it.
The Reply to the Third Objection is evident from what has been said.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.ad.2] Ad secundum dicendum, quod charitas amittitur dupliciter: uno modo directe per actualem contemptum, et hoc modo Petrus charitatem non amisit. Alio modo indirecte, quando committitur aliquid contrarium charitati, propter aliquam passionem concupiscentiæ vel timoris; et hoc modo Petrus contra charitatem faciens, charitatem amisit, sed eam cito recuperavit.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.ad.4] Not every inordinate affection for things directed to the end, i.e., for created goods, constitutes a mortal sin, but only such as is directly contrary to the Divine will; and then the inordinate affection is contrary to charity, as stated.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.ad.4] Ad quartum dicendum, quod non quærit. » art. 12, ad 41. — In omn. cod. responsio ad tertium desideratur. In Parm. vero: « Ad tertium patet responsio ex dictis in corpore. » libet inordinatio affectionis, quæ est circa ea quæ sunt ad finem, id est, circa bona creata, constituit peccatum mortale; sed solum quando est talis inordinatio quæ repugnat divinæ voluntati; et hæc inordinatio directe contrariatur charitati, ut dictum est.
[II-II.q.24.a.12.ad.5] Charity denotes union with God, whereas faith and hope do not. Now every mortal sin consists in aversion from God, as stated above (Gen. ad lit. viii, 12). Consequently every moral sin is contrary to charity, but not to faith and hope, but only certain determinate sins, which destroy the habit of faith or of hope, even as charity is destroyed by every moral sin. Hence it is evident that charity cannot remain lifeless, since it is itself the ultimate form regarding God under the aspect of last end as stated above (Question 23, Article 8).
The Summa Theologica of St. Thomas AquinasSecond and Revised Edition, 1920Literally translated by Fathers of the English Dominican ProvinceOnline Edition Copyright © 2009 by Kevin Knight Nihil Obstat. F. Innocentius Apap, O.P., S.T.M., Censor. Theol.Imprimatur. Edus. Canonicus Surmont, Vicarius Generalis. Westmonasterii.APPROBATIO ORDINISNihil Obstat. F. Raphael Moss, O.P., S.T.L. and F. Leo Moore, O.P., S.T.L.Imprimatur. F. Beda Jarrett, O.P., S.T.L., A.M., Prior Provincialis AngliæMARIÆ IMMACULATÆ - SEDI SAPIENTIÆ
[II-II.q.24.a.12.ad.5] Ad quintum dicendum, quod charitas importat unionem quamdam ad Deum, non autem fides, neque spes. Omne autem peccatum mortale consistit in aversione a Deo, ut supra dictum est, et ideo omne peccatum mortale contrariatur charitati. Non autem omne peccatum mortale contrariatur fidei vel spei, sed quædam determinata peccata, per quæ habitus fidei vel spei tollitur; sicut et per omne peccatum mortale habitus charitatis tollitur. Unde patet quod charitas non potest remanere informis, cum sit ultima forma virtutum, ex hoc quod respicit Deum in ratione finis ultimi, ut dictum est.
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